聚焦定语从句
江苏省灌云高级中学赵斯明定语从句是中学英语中的一个基础语法，也是重要的语法之一。定语从句牵涉到众多的基础知识，考点多种多样，因此，我们很容易混淆。本文从定语从句相关的基础知识入手，结合近几年常见考点分类梳理，另付检测练习，以期同学们能系统掌握定语从句。请看下列例题：
1.In my opinion, all Mr. White _____ good to us students at prent.
A.does does does
B. does do do
C. does does do
D. did do does
2.The film star we had been looking forward _____ yesterday.
A. to coming
B. to come
C. to came
D. came
不难看出，如果搞不清这两句的成分，我们则无从下手或进入选择陷阱。例1句子的主语是all, 不是Mr. White。所要表达的意思是“怀特先生所做的事目前对我们学生有好处”，因此，本句的谓语动词是do(do good to…：对……有好处)，all后面接了一个定语从句(that)Mr. White does。另外本题还考查了强调谓语的知识——do/does/did +动词原形。所以答案为C。例2句子主语是the film star，谓语是came(由yesterday得知是一般过去时)。the film star后面接了定语从句we had been looking forward to(由于the film star作look forward to的宾语，关系代词被省略)，故答案为C 。
从上面例题发现，识别和理解定语从句离不开句子成分的划分。
一. 基础知识
1.句子成分的划分：主、谓、宾、定、状、补、同位语、表语
例：
⑴He is a student. （a student是表语）
主谓
⑵He likes English.
主谓宾
⑶This dictionary looks beautiful on the shelf. (this作定语)
主谓状
⑷He is studying here now.
主谓状状
⑸We students made him monitor. →He was made monitor by us students.
主谓宾主补主谓宾补状（monitor是同位语）
⑹Tom is fairly careless. Strangely, he drives very carefully. (fairly和very是状语)
主谓状主谓状
3：作定语用的是一个完整的句子
He is a student who studies well in our school.
定语从句
注：
①先行词是被定语从句修饰限制的词，有时它可以是一个句子（先行项）。如：
I enjoy visiting the places in which the hotels are cheap.
先行词介词关联词其它成分
Jack failed in the examination again, which made his parents disappointed.
先行项关联词其它成分
先行项有时也可以放在定语从句之后，这时关系代词用as。
As is expected, most of the students in our class have made great progress.
关联词其它成分先行项
②关联词包括关系代词（that, which, who, whom, as, who）和关系副词(when, where, why)。在句子中既起连接作用，又在定语从句中充当成分。如：
My cousin who likes singing and dancing studies the behavior of animals.
句中的关系代词who既连接先行词和从句，又在定语从句中作主语。
③介词根据句子中的固定短语或句意来确定。如：
This is the novel in which I’m interested. (in 是根据固定短语be interested in)
Is this the plane in which she came to Beijing? (根据句意“乘坐这架飞机”)
④非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，去掉不影响主要意义，通常前要加逗号和先行（项）隔开；限制性定语从句和先行词有着不可分割的关系，去掉它，先行词就不能明确表示其所指对象。比较：
The boys who wanted to play basketball were disappointed becau of the rain. (限制性定语从句。意思是“想踢足球的男孩因下雨而失望”。)
The boys, who wanted to play basketball, were disappointed becau of the rain. (非限制性定语从句。意思是“男孩们想踢足球，因下雨而失望”。)
二．语从句的常见考点
1．考查关系代词的区别
⑴考查that 和which的区别。如：
①Is this the cond question ______ you want to ask me?
A. what
B. that
C. which
D. it
答案注解：B。当先行词被序数词限制时用that。
②The professor talked about the famous writers and works ______ have far-reaching effects
on modern American literature.
A. who
B. that
C. which
D. who and that
答案注解：B。当先行词既含有人又含有物时用that。
③Is there anything el ______ you require?
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. who
答案注解：B。当先行词是something, anything, nothing, everything, all, little, few等不定代词时，用that。
④The most important measure _____ should be taken is prevention.
A. which
B. \
C. as
D. that
答案注解：D。当先行词被最高级限制时用that。
⑤This is the very dictionary _____ we are looking for.
A. as
B. which
C. that
D. what
答案注解：C。当先行词被very(正是)限制时用that。
⑥The railway tunnel has been completed, _____ will play an important part in transportation.
A. which
B. that
C. it
D. where
答案注解：A。引导非限制性定语从句用which，不用that。
⑵考查who和which的区别。如：
Have you en the film “A Time To Love”, _____ leading actress is Zhao Wei.
A. which
B. who
C. it’s
D. that
答案注解：B。who 在定语从句中作定语用，修饰后面的名词，不仅可以指某人，而且可以指某物。该句中who 指物，who leading actress可以改为the leading actress of which或of which the leading actress (指人时which换成whom)。
⑶考查who和whom区别。如：
The boy has many friends, ______ are good at English.
A. half of who
B. half of that
C. half of whom
D. half of which
答案注解：C。本句定语从句的先行项是many friends。介词后表示人的宾语用whom。
⑷考查as/which的区别。如：
①Don’t talk about such things _____ you are not sure of.
A. as
B. which
C. that
D. \
答案注解：A。as经常置于such/same 后面引导定语从句，表示“和……一类”。
②With the help of the policemen, she found the same bicycle _______ got stolen yesterday.
A. as
B. that
C. what
D. \
答案注解：B。same后面也可以加that引导定语从句，表示“同一……”。试比较：This is the same MP3 that I lost yesterday.这就是我昨天丢失的MP3。
This is the same MP3 as I lost yesterday.这个MP3和我昨天丢失的一样（仅是同类）。
③The stems of bamboo are hollow, _____ makes them very light.
A. as
B. it
C. that
D. which
答案注解：D。as 和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，as强调“正如……”，而which 则没有此意思，如：As we all know, bats come out only at night.
④_____ is reported in the newspaper, this song is very popular.
A. Which
B. As
C. That
D. It
答案注解：B。as引导的定语从句可以置于句首，which则不可以。
2．考查定语从句中成分的辨别。如：
①Is this mobile phone _____ you bought in Shanghai?
A. the one
B. that
C. which
D. \
答案注解：A。本句是一般疑问句，其主语是this mobile phone，从句you bought in Shanghai 中少了宾语，the one 是定语从句的先行词，其后省略了作宾语的关系代词that。
②This is the reason _____ the students told us last week.
A. why
B. that
C. for which
D. for that
答案注解：B。从句the students told us last week中缺少了动词told的直接宾语，而why 在定语从句中作原因状语。试比较This is the reason why the students told us the cret last week.(定语从句中the cret作told的直接宾语)
③As a teacher, I shall never forget the years _____ I worked in the countryside.
A. that
B. which
C. when
D. where
答案注解：C。关联词在从句I worked in the countryside中作时间状语。试比较As a teacher, I shall never forget the years that I spent in the countryside. (定语从句中spent缺少了宾语，因此所选的关联词应作spend的宾语)
④This is the supermarket _____ was rebuilt just few weeks ago.
A. in which
B. where
C. what
D. that
答案注解：D。从句was rebuilt just few weeks ago缺少了主语，应该选择能作主语的关系代词（what是疑问代词，不能引导定语从句）。试比较This is the supermarket where we can buy all kinds of products. (定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、表语，因此所选的关联词应作状语)
3．考查和强调句的区别。如：
It was in 1949 that the PRC was founded. (强调句)
It was 1949 when the PRC was founded. (定语从句)
4．考查和状语从句的区别。如：
Put the va where it was. (状语从句，无先行词)
Put the va in the place where it was. (定语从句，先行词是place)
5．考查和同位语从句的区别。如：
He told us the news that proved to be fal. (定语从句，that在从句中作主语)
He told us the news that he won the first prize in the competition. (同位语从句，that 在从句中不作任何成分，仅起引导作用)
6．考查和并列句的区别。如：
Daisy was admitted to a key university, which had a good effect on her family. (定语从句) Daisy was admitted to a key university, and it had a good effect on her family. (并列句)
7．考查和主语从句的区别。如：
As is known , China has been playing an important part in the world peace. (并列句)
It is known that China has been playing an important part in the world peace. (主语从句)
8．考查定语从句中的主谓一致。如：
She is one of the volunteers who have been greatly praid by the government.
She is the only one of the volunteers who has been greatly praid by the government.
9．考查特殊先行词(way, position, condition, point, question,ca)。如：
①By thinking about the way _____ we think and practicing good thinking strategies, we can become more creative.
A. in that
B. which
C. \
D. how
答案注解：C。当先行词是way，并且在定语从句中作状语表示“用……方式”，此时关联词有三种情况：that; in which; 省略（常用）。
②He’s got himlf into a situation _____ he is likely to lo control.
A. that
B. when
C. which
D. where
答案注解：D。先行词situation是一个抽象化的地点，在从句中作状语。用作先行词的抽象化名词还有position, condition, point, question，business等。
10．考查间隔式定语从句
一般说来，定语从句总是紧跟在先行项之后。但有时定语从句和先行项之间被其它成分间隔开来，这种定语从句称为间隔式定语从句。间隔式定语从句在教材中时常出现，也是高考常见的考点。如2004年高考英语试卷全国卷中的完形填空37题：
The word“spaghetti(意大利面条)”brought back the memory of an evening at Uncle Alien’s in Belleville 37 all of us were ated around the table and Aunt Pat rved spaghetti for supper.
A. when
B. where
C. since
D. after
学生易把Belleville当成后面定语从句的先行词而选择B项，但从句中已含有地点状语around the table，由此看出定语从句的先行项不是地点而是时间an evening ，因此应选择A。实际上句子中间的at uncle Alien’s in Belleville把定语从句和先行项分隔开来，增加了句子难度。又如：
I. was the only person in my office who was invited. (Book I, L.69) 我是办公室里唯一被邀请的人。
