第十六讲：非谓语动词——分词
教学重点：
掌握分词这一语法知识..了解这一语法知识在高考中的应用..
命题趋势：
分词的考点依次为作状语;作定语;做宾补及表语..一些固定的基本知识应记牢..
知识点回顾：
1.分词的基本概念：
分词也是非谓语动词之一..
分词在形式上有两种形式：
1现在分词;动词原形 + ing同动名词形式
2过去分词;规则动词动词原形 + ed
不规则动词构成没有什么规律
2.分词时态语态一览表
非谓语动词形式 | 时态/语态 | 主动形式 | 被动形式 |
分词 | 一般式 | doing | Being done |
完成式 | Having done | Having been |
完成进行式 | Having been doing | 基本不用 |
否定形式：not + 现在分词 |
| | | |
3.分词在句中所能充当的成分
| 主语 | 宾语 | 表语 | 定语 | 状语 | 补语 |
现在分词 | × | × | √ | √ | √ | √ |
过去分词 | × | × | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| | | | | | |
4.分词的用法
1分词做表语
①跟在系动词之后
分词做表语;一般跟在be; get; become; look; sound; feel; keep; remain; grow; em; appear等系动词后面..
现在分词做表语：一般表主动或主语的性质和特征..含有“令人….”的意思..
主语多数为物..
过去分词做表语：一般表示被动或主语所处的状态..含有“感到….”的意思..
主语多数情况是人..
例如：
The news sounds encouraging.
His father ems plead with his results.
②做表语的过去分词与被动语态中的过去分词的区别
被动语态表示主语受到的动作表示主语的动作;而作表语的分词表示主语所处的状态..
The blackboard was broken by LiMing.
The blackboard is broken.
③作表语的现在分词和进行时态的现在分词的区别
作表语的现在分词表示主语的特征和性质..
The situation in our country is encouraging.
进行时态中的分词表示主语正在进行的动作..
The situation in our country is encouraging the people.
另外;在分词作表语的结构中;可以用其它系动词来代替be;但在进行结构中;则不可以..因为进行时的句型必须是be + doing..
The news is surprising. = The news sounds surprising.
④分词、动名词和不定式作表语的区别
分词作表语：主要是表示主语的特点和所处的状态
主语和表语的位置不可以互换..
动名词和不定式作表语：主要是表示主语的具体内容..
主语和表语的位置常常可以互换..
The film is disappointing.
这部电影令人失望..
We are disappointed with the film.
我们对这部电影感到失望..
My job is teaching English. = Teaching English is my job.
Our aim is to enter the universities. = To enter the universities is our aim.
2分词作定语
一般来讲;和分词做表语一样;现在分词修饰事物;过去分词修饰人..
When they heard the exciting news; they got excited. Then the excited people shouted and cheered.
当他们听到这一激动人心的消息时;他们变得激动起来..然后这些激动的人们大声叫喊;欢呼..
①何时用现在分词的被动语态形式
如果一个及物动词作定语;既要表达进行意味;又要表达被动意味时;用此形式..
The question being discusd is very important.
= The question that is being discusd is very important.
Do you know the boy being punished by our teacher
= Do you know the boy who is being punished by our teacher
如果指的是将来的动作就要用不定式的被动形式或定语从句来表示..
②何时用过去分词作定语
过去分词包含完成和被动意味;一般表示的动作是在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生..
This is a picture painted by my father.
= This is a picture that was painted by my father.
3分词作宾语补足语
I heard someone calling me.
I had a decayed tooth pulled off.
我让大夫把我一颗蛀牙拔了..
常用的动词有：
感觉动词：hear; e; notice; watch; feel; find; leave
使役动词：make; let; have; get; keep
①现在分词和过去分词做宾补的区别
现在分词：与句子的宾语是主动关系;它表示动作的进行..
过去分词：与句子的宾语是被动关系;它表示动作的完成和结果..
I heard someone calling me.
someone calling me = someone is calling me.
I heard my name called.
my name called = my name was called.
We found the snake eating the eggs.
We found the eggs eaten by the snake.
②过去分词在动词have; get两词后面作宾语时;常常表示这个动作不是由主语完成的;而是由别人完成的;还有一种情况就是表示这是主语的经历..
You’d better have get the dangerous building pulled down.
你最好叫人把这座危楼推倒了..
How ofter do you have get your hair cut
你每隔多久理一次发
LiMing had his bike stolen.
李明的自行车被偷了..是主语的一种经历;遭遇
③重要的词组：make onelf done
make onelf understood = to make one’s meaning clear to others
make onelf heard
I can’t make mylf understood becau of my broken English.
I didn’t make mylf heard becau a lot of people cried in the hall.
④现在分词、过去分词和不定式作宾补的区别
| 形式 | 语态 | 内容 | 被动语态 |
现在分词 | v + ing | 与宾语是主动关系 | 动作正在进行还没有结束 | 没有变化 |
过去分词 | v + ed | 与宾语是被动关系 | 动作已经结束 | 没有变化 |
不定式 | 不带to;动词原形 | 与宾语是主动关系 | 动作发生了;全过程已结束 | to要还原 |
| | | | |
例如：
Do you hear someone calling you现在分词
= Someone is calling you; do you hear
Yes; I did. I heard him call me veral times.不定式
Oh; you mean you hear your name called veral times.过去分词
= Your name was called veral times; do you hear
When he was decorating his hou; he got the bedroom painted first.过去分词作宾补
