第一讲 翻译原则简介
一、教学目的：了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题
二、教学过程：
1．翻译的定义和内涵：（Definition and Connotation）
Translation is an art/ science/craft?
2． 中国几位翻译家的理论（influential translation principles）：
严复：信达雅--- faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance. The “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.
傅雷：神似---spiritual conformity. Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original.强调原作神韵再现。
钱钟书：化境---sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chine version for the sake of the Chine reader.
刘重德：信、达、切---faithfulness/expressiveness/cloness.
3．中国翻译史上的论争：
鲁迅：宁信而不顺---rather to be faithful than smooth。 目的：引入英文句式的表达法
梁实秋、赵景深：宁顺而不信---rather to be smooth than faithful 目的：可读性强，便于交流。
4．直译与意译：
直译---literal translation 意译：free translation
直译的例子：crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪; armed to the teeth武装到牙齿; chain reaction连锁反应; gentlemen’s agreement君子协定; one country, two systems 一国两制;
The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流; paper tiger 纸老虎; Breath one’s last---断气; go to one’s external rest---安息; the long sleep---长眠; e Marx 见马克思;
Go west 上西天; go to heaven 上天堂; blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡
kick the bucket 蹬腿: You can kick everything but you can not kick the bucket
直译不等于死译(dead translation):
街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生：Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.
“In the street” should be replaced by “in the community”.
她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹：She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. Public father should be father in law.
意译的例子：It rains cats and dogs / at sixes and vens /Adam’s apple
句子比较：Little fish does not eat big fish
直译：小鱼不吃大鱼 意译：胳膊拧不过大腿
试译：天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福：
直译：Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.
意译：The weather and human life are both unpredictable
有人说，翻译是带着镣铐跳舞（translation is like dancing in fetters）；还有人说，翻译像女人，忠实的不漂亮，漂亮的不忠实。实际上，忠实与通顺的关系是辩证关系。
5．归化与异化（domestication/adaptation or foreignization / alienation）
归化的翻译在理论上是把语言看作交际工具；在实践上，强调通俗易
懂，避免多义或歧义。习惯认为，当原文与译文之间因文化差异而出现不能通达的情况时，“要用译语文化替代原语文化”即把在译语中找不到对等的外语词汇改头换面，或套用译语中与之相似的现成的表达法，把它们变成读者熟悉的译语文化形象。
归化派代表人物尤金•奈达（Eugene A. Nida）: Functional Equivalence 功能对等
What is functional equivalence?
“The receptors of the translated text could respond to it with comprehension and appreciation in esntially the same manner and to the same degree as the original receptors of the message”;
“Translation should arou the same feeling in its receptors as the feeling of the readers of the original”---- Nida
For instance: as white as snow 通常译为白如雪 / 但没有见过雪的人可以将其翻译为“白如白鹭毛”，以达到功能对等的目的。
Spring up like mushrooms---雨后春笋
Everybody's business is nobody's business. 三个和尚无水喝
Among the blind the one -eyed man is king. 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王
然而，翻译负有文化交流的使命，即尽可能把一个民族的语言和文化习惯介绍给另一个民族。鲁迅先生就特别强调译文要“保留原文的丰姿”。 在南京大学姜秋霞教授举办的一次翻译调查中，多数读者认为，读异国文学是为了欣赏异国作品特有的韵味和语言风格，他们在读译文之前就已经对不同文化的差异有了一定的心理准备，有些人读译文的目的之一是想了解外国人与中国人之间的异同究竟在什么地方。因此，从促进世界文化交流这个角度上讲，我们在处理英译汉或汉译英时，都应着力于全面、完整地向译语读者介绍对方(己方)的全部意蕴，包括文化。特别要强调的是，在汉译英中，我们尤其要树立这种文化意识，积极创造条件，弘扬中华文化，帮助英语读者扩大加深对中华文化的了解。异化的翻译无疑在文化交流方面起了巨大的作用。
异化派代表人物韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ）:
All roads lead to Rome: 条条大道通罗马 不能译成：殊途同归
To teach one’s grandmother to eat eggs: 教老祖母吃鸡蛋 不能译成：班门弄斧
班门弄斧：show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter.
Hence：
Make hay while it is sunshine: 不能译成：趁热打铁
If I slapped someone, He would e the way to Cracow: 要是我给谁一巴掌，准会把他扇到克拉科去。不能：一巴掌扇到西天去。
武松要吃酒，哪里听他人发说，一转身道：“放屁！放屁！”pass your wind/sheer nonn
6．段落翻译练习：
沿着荷塘，是一条曲折的小煤屑路。这是一条幽僻的路；白天也少人走，夜晚更加寂寞。荷塘四面，长着许多树，蓊蓊郁郁的
。路的一旁，是些杨柳，和一些不知道名字的树。没有月光的晚上，这路上阴森森的，有些怕人。今
晚却很好，虽然月光也还是淡淡的。
Beside the lotus pond there is a small tortuous cinder path. This is a cluded road even by day, more isolated still at night. Around the pond, there are many trees rich in leaves, lush and green. There are some willows along the path, and some trees who names I do not know. When there is no moonlight the road and pond have a haunted disconcerting feel to them. Tonight is not bad, even though the moon looks pale.
第二讲 翻译的过程
一、教学目的：怎样去理解和表达；学会表达的基本策略。
二、教学过程：
1．理解与表达：
He found them pushing needles, thread, pots, pans, ribbons, yarns, scissors and buttons to hou wives.他发现他们在向家庭主妇推销针头线脑，锅碗瓢盆。 （国外没有瓢）
改为：他发现他们在向家庭主妇推销针线，锅罐，绸带，剪刀和钮扣。
Do you e any green in my eye? 你以为我是好欺骗的吗?
It is an order from President Bush/ I don’t care if it is from bush, tree, or grass.
这是布什总统的命令，管他什么布什，布头儿，布片儿，我才不在乎呢。
The old man’s heart misd a beat when he saw the pearl.
这位老人一看到这颗珍珠高兴得连心都跳不过来。
A good dancer never misd a beat.善于跳舞的人从不漏跳一拍（总能跟上节拍/总能采对步点）
If we don’t hang together, they shall hang us parately.
咱们要是不摽到一块儿，保准会吊到一块儿。我们不紧紧团结一致，必然一个个被人绞死。
我们必须共赴沙场，否则就得分赴刑场。
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in posssion of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
世间有这样一条公认的真理，凡财产丰富的单身汉势必缺少太太。
She is pregnant/ she is very pregnant. 她怀孕有段时间了。
Gonna fight with me? Tell’em I am read for it. I am always ready for it.
想和我打架？告诉他们我奉陪，我随时奉陪。
Even the pine logs which burned all day in the fireplace couldn’t keep my little hou warm and dry.火炉里整天烧着松柴，还不能使我的小屋子温暖和干燥？（可我的小屋还是又冷又潮）
He was glad becau he couldn’t have to nd me away without buying anything.
他总能买点什么让我带走，这令他很高兴。
The market in China is an almost bottomless pit.
中国的市场几乎是个无底洞。/ 中国的市场无限巨大。
切不可望文生义
If not： ( possibly, perhaps)
In Europe, Hitler’s name was well known, if not a houhold word.
在欧洲，希特勒的名字纵使不是家喻户晓，也很响亮。/ 在欧洲，希特勒的名
字广为人知，也可以说家喻户晓。
Such a mistake could cost us thousands, if not millions of pounds.
这种失误能够造成我们几千磅，或许几百万磅的损失。
Not to say: indeed or possibly, even。
It is warm, not to say hot. 天气很暖和，甚至有点儿热。
The answer is illogical, not to say totally wrong.答案不合逻辑，甚至是完全错误的。
It would be unwi, not to say stupid to leave your first job after only six months.
初次工作刚六个月就想辞掉它，这样做很不明智，甚至可以说很愚蠢。
3. 习惯与表达
Anna was thin and black, a very umbrella of a woman.
安娜是一个又瘦又黑的女人，上身粗大，下身细长。简直像一把雨伞。 改正：安娜是一个又瘦又黑的女人，活像一把细长的黑雨伞。
It was a cold winter day. 这是个寒冷的冬日。
Unemployment has stubbornly refud to contract from more than a decade. 十多年来，失业一直顽固地拒绝压缩（F）/ 失业人数总是减不下来，已经十多个年头了。
4. 段落翻译练习：
曲曲折折的荷塘上面，弥望的是田田的叶子。叶子出水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙。层层的叶子中间，零星地点缀着些白花，有袅娜地开着的，有羞涩地打着朵儿的；正如一粒粒的明珠，又如碧天里的星星，又如刚出浴的美人。微风过处，送来缕缕清香，仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。这时候叶子与花也有一丝的颤动，像闪电般，霎时传过荷塘的那边去了。叶子本是肩并肩密密地挨着，这便宛然有了一道凝碧的波痕。叶子底下是脉脉的流水，遮住了，不能见一些颜色；而叶子却更见风致了。
Above the winding lotus pond, leaves with quartered lines fill my eyes. Leaves are high above the water, like the skirts of slim dancing girls. In tho layers of leaves, dotted with white flowers here and there, some are gracefully in bloom, some shyly in bud, like scattered pearls, like stars in the cle
ar sky, like beautiful girls just after a bath. Where gentle winds pass, there are wisps of light perfume, like faint songs coming from distant high buildings. At this moment, there is a tiny thrill between the flowers and leaves, like lightning, streaking across the lotus pond suddenly. Leaves are shoulder to shoulder, cloly standing together, now there is a patch of green water. Water is flowing silently under the leaves, it is hidden, no color can be en, but more charming are the leaves.
月光如流水一般，静静地泻在这一片叶子和花上。薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘里。叶子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗过一样；又像笼着轻纱的梦。虽然是满月，天上却有一层淡淡的云，所以不能朗照；但我以为这恰是到了好处——酣眠固不可少，小睡也别有风味的。月光是隔了树照过来的，高处丛生的灌木，落下参差
的斑驳的黑影，峭楞楞如鬼一般；弯弯的杨柳的稀疏的倩影，却又像是画在荷叶上。塘中的月色并不均匀；但光与影有着和谐的旋律，如梵婀玲上奏着的名曲。
Moonlight is like flowing water, pouring peacefully onto the leaves and flowers. Filmy mists ri in the lotus pond. The leaves and flowers are as if washed in cow’s milk, like a dream covered with light yarn. Although it is a full moon, there is a thin layer of cloud in the sky. The moon cannot get through to give full light. But I think it’s just about perfect- although sound sleeps are necessary, naps also ha
ve a special flavor. Moonlight is passing through trees. Bushes from higher ground cast irregular black shadows, like ghosts. The beautiful shadows of bending willows are sparly drawn on the lotus leaves. Moonlight in the pond is not even, but lightness and shadows are in harmony, like sublime music played on a violin.
第三讲 英汉词汇现象的对比
一、教学目的：了解英汉两种语言表达的不同，词汇对应与不对应等情况。
二、教学过程：
1. 中西思维的差异导致语言的差异：
思维与语言的关系犹如母与子的关系。先有人类思维后有语言、图画、音乐等外在表现形式。Language rves as dress of thought/Thoughts are always expresd by words /Without thinking，language would be meaningless
那么，思维又是如何作用在语言形式上的呢?通过研究可知：思维---表现法---语言具体形式。中国自古以来就是传统的农业大国，即所谓“靠天吃饭”。农业、土地与民生息息相关，所以就形成了“天人合一”这一中国文化的精髓。即把人与自然视为和谐统一的整体，人类文化与天命自然统一。
The Taoist notion Of following nature is clod related，as in other naturalistic movements，to the idea of fate.
这种中国文化的最高境界使中国人习惯于崇尚自然、行于自然；不违天命、顺其自然的处世哲学和宿命论，即Let things remain as they are.而在人与天地万物协调共存的世界中，则存在着循环往复、生生不息的发展变化。美国人说这是moving in endless circles and repeating it over and over again。中国的儒家与道家哲学就深深体现了这种观点。如“道生一、一生二、二生三、三生万物，万物归于道”等，这就是汉民族的循回式思维方式，比如在语言表现法中有回环式：“人不犯我，我不犯人”，及递进式表达：“道高一尺，魔高一丈”。所以，中国人表达事物总是按时间和事理发展顺序由因到果、由先到后、由大到小进行阐述，这种思维模式可称为具体一般型表达(Particular-General Pattern)。习惯于问题解决型模式(Problem-solution Pattern)，它们不仅在语言上如此，在文化艺术、
经济活动中也都占有统治地位。也就是说中国人擅长具象思维。西方人恰恰相反，他们一向将人与自然分隔开来，认为思维是独立于自然之外的客观事物，讲究“人物分立”，人能够通过斗争征服自然、改造自然。从美国前总统里根(Ronald Reagan)说过的一句话之中我们就可见一斑：
I do not believe in fate that falls on us no matter what we do，but，1 do believe in fate that will fall on us if we do nothing.我不相信，无论我们做什么，我们的命运都一样；但是我相信，如果我们什么都不做，我们的命运是一样的。
也就是说，He wants us to believe in the struggle，not in the fate.诸多此类像美国人热衷于job-hopping(跳槽)，美国人的梦想便是being a lf-made man from rags to riches。再比如，从东方人与西方人做事的动因也可以发现：
The Chine is always described as a person who does things becau they have been done before. And the Americans a person who does things becau they haven’t been done before.中国人做一件事是因为这件事以前有人做过；美国人做一件事是因为这件事以前从未有人做过。Americans love to try something new mostly becau of a belief that newer maybe better.美国人喜欢尝试新事物，很大程度上因为他们认为更新的可能是更好的。
通过研究可知，英语自莎士比亚时代以来有很大发展。英语被誉为理性语言，这与欧美哲学较早与改造、征服自然的科学技术相结合，特别是培根和洛克等一代启蒙哲学家恪守的客观形式化方法(即逻辑论证)很有关系。
British people love science and technology becau the fields of study bring the excitement of new discovery. 英国人热爱科学技术因为它能带来新发现，是改造自然、征服自然的最有力武器。
The love of change is cloly tied to faith in improvement.培根思维精深周密；洛克的哲理明豁通达，对英语影响极深。“哲学思辩”(Speculative Philosophy)使他们将英语化为对人类经验(物理变化经验、
感觉经验、价值经验)理性构建的精辟描述。从语言学角度来说，培根和洛克等一代理性主义哲学家实质上为英语作了科学规范，以至被称为：“King’s English'’。综上所述，我们不难理解：西方人的思维模式是一般具体型思维，擅长抽象思维，总是先概括后分解、先表态后叙述、先总结后事例、先整体后细节，由果到因、由小到大等。众所周知，地名的叙述便为一例。由于中西思维模式的迥异，说话的语序就存在很大区别，所以中国式英语频繁出现。试举例说明：
我原先打算七月一日去香港旅游，后来不得不取消，这使我很扫兴。
中国学生就常按中文语序脱口而出，使语义重心落在后面。实际上，按英语思维习惯应
