英语中各时态的主要⽤法总结
各时态的主要⽤法：
1.⼀般现在时 do/do es/be
不强调动作发⽣的时间，通常⽤于描述习惯、事实等。
I go to work every day. 我每天去⼯作。
He works in finance.他在⾦融业⼯作。
The train leaves at 9:30 tomorrow morning.⽕车明天早晨9点30分发车。
2.现在进⾏时 be do ing
⽤法1:⽤来描述说话时正在发⽣的动作。
John is sleeping at the moment. John此时正在睡觉。
⽤法2:⽤来表达未来安排。
We’re flying to Spain tomorrow.我们明天去西班⽛。
3.现在完成时 ha ve/ha s do ne
⽤法1:⽤来强调动作在过去已经完成了。
I’ve lost my pen. 我的笔丢了。
⽤法2:⽤来表达动作在过去的某⼀时刻开始，并且⽬前仍在进⾏，此种⽤法下句中通常包含介词for和since。
She has been here since 8 o’clock.她从8点就⼀直在这。
I have lived in Italy for many years.我⽣活在意⼤利很多年了。
4.现在完成进⾏时 ha ve/ha s been do ing
⽤法1:⽤来表⽰从过去开始的动作⼀直持续到现在（还可能继续持续下去），强调动作持续的时间。
I’ve been writing for over an hour.我已经等了⼀个多钟头。（⽬前仍在等待）
⽤法2：表⽰动作是最近发⽣的。
That bag looks new. Have you been shopping? 那个包看起来很新，你最近购物了吗？
He hasn’t been sleeping a lot lately.他最近⼀直没怎么睡觉。
5.⼀般过去时 w a s/w er e/did
ere/
表⽰⼀个动作在过去发⽣过，如果是持续性的动作则表⽰该动作没有持续到现在。
She worked in finance before this job. 在这个⼯作之前，她在⾦融业⼯作。
We lived in China for six years after I graduated from college.我⼤学毕业之前，我们在中国⽣活了6年。（⽬前不在中国⽣活了）
6.过去进⾏时 w a s/w er e do ing
ere do
强调该动作在过去的某⼀时刻正在发⽣，可以理解为“当时正在”。
I was reading a book when they arrived.他们到来时我正在看书。
Were you sleeping when I called?我打电话的时候你当时正在睡觉吗？
7.过去完成时 ha d do ne
强调动作在过去的某个时刻之前发⽣了，通常与⼀般过去时联⽤，可以理解为“当时已经”。
The movie had already ended when I turned on the TV. 我当时打开电视的时候，电影已经结束了。
8.过去完成进⾏时 ha d been do ing
强调⼯作在过去开始，并且在过去的某⼀时刻或者另⼀个动作开始的时候仍然处于持续状态，可以⼤致理解为“当时⼀直”。
When I arrived at the bus stop, the other people there had been
waiting for nearly an hour. 我当时到达公交站的时候，其他⼈已经等了快⼀个钟头了。（当时⼀直在等，我到公交站之后依然继续等）
Had she been living in Italy for a long time?她当时在意⼤利⼀直住了很长时间吗？
He had been feeling unwell, so he went to lie down.他当时⼀直觉得不舒服，所以他去⼩睡了。
9.⼀般将来时 w ill/be go ing to do
强调动作将来发⽣。
The Queen will be in Rome tomorrow. ⼥王明天在罗马。
I think it’s going to rain tomorrow.我认为明天会下⾬。
10.将来进⾏时 w ill be/be go ing to be do ing
强调动作在将来依然会持续，⽆论该动作发⽣在过去、现在和将来。
You shouldn’t call their hou now; they will be sleeping.你现在不应该给他们打电话了，他们睡着了。（⽬前处于睡觉的状态，将来依然会持续）
We won’t be leaving until the evening.夜晚到来之前我们不会离开。
11.将来完成时 w ill ha ve do ne
⽤法1：强调动作持续到将来的某个时刻或者在将来的某个时刻完成，通常⽤来描述动作从发⽣到完成持续的时间，可以理解为“将来已经”。
By October we will have lived in this hou for 20 years.到⼗⽉我们就在这个房⼦住满20年了。
After this next race, I will have completed 10 triathlons.这场⽐赛之后，我就完成10场马拉松了。
⽤法2：预测某事应该已经发⽣了。
You will have heard by now that the company is going bankrupt.你应该已经听说公司破产的消息了。
12.将来完成进⾏时 w ill ha ve been do ing
⽤法1：描述动作⼀直持续到将来的某⼀时刻并且有可能会继续持续下去，通常⽤来强调动作持续的时间。
She’ll have been waiting for nearly an hour by the time we arrive.在我们到达之前，她还得等接近⼀个钟头。
How will he have been coping on his own for all the years? 往后这些年他⾃⼰⼀个⼈怎么办？
⽤法2:⽤来描述可能造成的某种结果的动作，表达⼀种预测。
He won’t have been sleeping for very long, but I have to wake him up.他不会睡太长时间，但是我不
得不叫醒他。
I bet he’ll be hungry becau he will have been studying straight through lunch.我打赌他会饿的，因为他会在午饭期间⼀直学习。⼀般过去时和现在完成时的区别
1.句中出现确切时间的时候，不能使⽤现在完成时。
不能说 I’ve lost my keys yesterday.
只能说I lost my keys yesterday.
但是可以说I have got three class on Monday.不过此⽤法不正式。
2.在对话中，现在完成时有隐含的“刚刚”的意思。
A：Why are you late?你为什么迟到？
B：I’ve lost my keys.我刚把钥匙弄丢了。
He’s taken the dog to the park.他刚去公园遛狗了。
I’ve had lunch. 我刚吃完饭。
现在完成时和现在完成进⾏时之间的区别
⽽这意思⾮常相近，⼤部分情况下可互换。
I have been living in New York City for three years.
I have lived in New York City for three years.我在纽约住了三年。
下⾯这个句⼦只能⽤现在完成进⾏时，因为句⼦中提到的while I finish my Ph.D这个阶段，需要live动作⼀直延续。
I have been living in New York City while I finish my Ph.D.
不能说：I have lived in New York City while I finish my Ph.D.
表达动作持续的时间时，⽽这意思不同。
He has talked on the phone for almost an hour. 他⼏乎打了⼀⼩时的电话。（已经打完了）
He has been talking on the phone for almost an hour. 他已经快打了⼀⼩时的电话。（⽬前还可能在打电话）
下⾯这个例⼦⽤现在完成进⾏时更恰当：
A: “Let's take the longer trail when we're hiking back down.” 我们远⾜回来的时候绕⼀下更远的⼩路吧。
B: “But we have walked for three hours!”但是我们已经⾛了三个⼩时了！
B: “But we have been walking for three hours!”但是我们已经连续⾛了三个⼩时了！（这样回答更能体现动作持续的时间，⽽且能强调说话时还在进⾏）
现在完成进⾏时还可以表达“已经⼀直”：
I have worked in the shop for three years.我已经在这个商店⼯作三年了。
I have been working in the shop for three years, but I hope to find something el soon.”我已经⼀直在这个商店⼯作三年了，但是我最近希望找点别的事情做。
现在完成进⾏时还可以表达最近发⽣或者完成的动作：
Don't you think Mary has been spending too much time on the computer lately?” 你不认为Mary最近在电脑上花了太多时间了吗？
即使动作没有持续到现在，如果想强调“⼀直”也可以使⽤现在完成进⾏时：
Sorry I'm so sweaty! I’ve been exercising all morning. 对不起我出了很多汗，我早晨⼀直在锻炼。（此刻并没有在锻炼）
My neighbors are angry becau my dog has been barking.我的邻居们很⽣⽓因为我的狗最近⼀直在叫。（狗此时可能没有叫）
以下是⼏个现在完成进⾏时的例句：
I have not been writing much recently.我最近没怎么写作。
She hasn't been trying to find work since her divorce.她离婚之后没有⼀直尝试找⼯作。
Where have you been living lately?你最近⼀直住在哪？
Has she been feeling OK?她最近还好吧？
Why have you been lying to me?为什么你⼀直对我撒谎？
Haven't you been writing a new book?难道你最近没有在写新书吗？
Has she not been feeling well?她⼀直感觉不太好吗？
Why haven't they been working on their homework?他们为什么⼀直没写作业？
过去完成时的⼀些注意事项
下⾯是⼀些使⽤过去完成时的例句：
When I turned on the TV, the film had ended. 当我打开电视的时候，电影已经结束了。
Unfortunately, he had not taken his keys before he left the hou.不幸的是，他当时离开家的时候并没有带钥匙。
当句中出现when的时候，⼀般过去时和过去完成时表达的意思不同：
Mary cooked dinner when the kids came home. 孩⼦们到家的时候妈妈做晚饭了。（意思接近于孩⼦到家之后，妈妈才开始做饭）
Mary had cooked dinner when the kids came home.孩⼦们到家的时候，妈妈已经做好晚饭了。（孩⼦到家之前，妈妈已经做好了）
当句中出现before或者after的时候，因为这两个词本⾝表达了两个动作的先后顺序，不需要过去完成时，使⽤⼀般过去时也可以：
I packed a bag of snacks before I left for the airport. 我动⾝去机场前带了⼀袋零⾷。
I had packed a bag of snacks before I left for the airport.
换成过去完成时也可以，但是没有必要。
过去完成时与否定副词可以使⽤倒装，多为书⾯写法，有夸张的意思：
Never had I felt so alive. 我从没有感觉过这么有活⼒。
Never had she imagined that love like this could exist.她从没想象过这样的爱情可以存在。
过去完成进⾏时与现在完成进⾏时的⽐较
以下两个例句分别为过去完成进⾏时和现在完成进⾏时，意思稍有不同：
She has been waiting for over an hour for him to arrive.为了他的到来，她已经等了⼀个多⼩时。（现在还在等）
She had been waiting for over an hour for him to arrive.为了他的到来，她当时⼀直等了⼀个多⼩时。（现在没有在等）
过去进⾏时与过去完成进⾏时的⽐较
使⽤过去进⾏时的动作要⽐过去完成进⾏时的动作时间上要近⼀些，过去完成时可以表达“刚才”，“刚刚”，过去完成进⾏时⼀般表达“最近”。
My eyes were tired becau I was working on the computer.我的眼睛当时很累因为我那会在⽤电脑⼯作。
My eyes were tired becau I had been working on the computer.我的眼睛当时很累因为我最近⼀直在⽤电脑⼯作。
将来完成时和将来完成进⾏时的⽐较
两种时态意思⼏乎⼀样，稍有不同的是将来完成时强调动作的完成，⽽将来完成进⾏时强调动作的进⾏：
By the time I get there, she will have waited for over an hour. 等我到那的时候，她还得等⼀个多⼩时。
By the time I get there, she will have been waiting for over an hour.等我到那的时候，她还得⼀直等⼀个多⼩时。
