✓ Inquiry
Circumstance:
- Self-disclosure
- Written complaints by members
- Evidence of misconduct
- 考试作弊
方法:①interview被告 ②interview 原告,第三方 ③收集证据
Decision:
- No disciplinary sanctions
- Issue a cautionary letter
- Discipline the member or candidate 处分
✓ Codes of ethics
1. Act with integrity, competence, diligence, respect and in an ethical manner with the public, clients, prospective clients, employees, employers, colleagues in the investment profession and other participants in the global capital markets.
对利益相关者正直道德
2. Place the integrity of the investment profession and the interests of clients above their own personal interest.
客户利益高于自己利益
3. U reasonable care and exerci independent professional judgment when conducting investment analysis, making investment recommendations, taking investment actions and engaging in other professional activities.
做决策时专业、尽职
4. Practice and encourage others to practice in a professional and ethical manner that will reflect credit on themlves and the profession.
鼓励他人正直
5. Promote the integrity of, and uphold the rules governing capital markets.
维护资本市场的诚信、威严
6. Maintain and improve their professional competence and strive to maintain and improve the competence of other investment professionals
巩固提升自己和同行的专业能力
✓ The standards of professional conduct
1. Professionalism
a. Knowledge of law
-
从严不从宽
- CFA不要求对政府机构汇报违法行为,但建议这样做
b. Independence and objectivity: no prent
- 将IPO超额认购的股票分配到个人账户
- 不要迫于ll-side pressure, 去发行有利于投行客户的研究报告, ensure effective firewall between rearch mgt and investment banking activities
- 不应撰写有利于上市公司的报告,不应局限于管理层调研,还有供应商客户研究等
- 去对目标公司进行研究的时候,尽量自己出差旅费
- 发行人支付酬金的研究报告,研究结论应与酬金无关
- 建立一个限制名单,名单上的公司只出具事实类的信息,而不出具意见(当有关联关系时)
c. Misreprentation: 故意做投资分析的不当陈述
- 鼓励公司检验提供给客户的第三方信息
- 合理引用不抄袭
d. Misconduct: 不诚实、欺诈的行为
2. Integrity of capital market
a. Material nonpublic information: 不能利用非公开信息盈利
- 马赛克理论:分析员根据非重大nonpublic information得出的投资结论,不违反准则
- 先判断是否material, 再判断是否public, 若为public 则不违反准则
b. Market manipulation: 不得进行误导市场、扭曲股价的行为
- client brokerage or soft dollars or soft commissions 客户佣金必须用来为客户谋利
3. Duties to clients
a. Loyalty, prudence and care
b. Fair dealing: 公平对待所有客户
- 服务水平的差别要披露
- 若客户不知道recommendation的变化时,应告知
- 由于minimum lot size restriction导致没有pro rata allocation 不算违反道德,因为有reason
c. Suitability
1. When providing advisory, CFA must
①make a reasonable inquiry in investment experience, risk and return objectives and financial constraints
了解客户
-
IPS investment policy statement, 投资需求应写入IPS
- 主要看投资建议和IPS以及客户需求是否相符,是否让客户知晓相关风险
- 客户情况改变,随时更新IPS
- high income mutual fund不适合购买zero-dividend stock
- large cap 大盘股
- small cap
大盘股Large cap share,一般流通股本在一个亿以上的个股称为大盘股。实际上,大盘股没有统一的标准,一般约定俗成指股本比较大的股票。
中盘股Mid-cap share, 指流通市值比蓝筹股或大盘股要小,但高于小盘股的一类型股票,数量上占据整个股票市场的主体。一般流通股本在5000万至1个亿的个股称为中盘股。
小盘股Small cap share,发行在外的流通股份数额较小的上市公司的股票,中国现阶段一般不超1亿股流通股票都可视为小盘股。
- subadvisor 第三方不能选最便宜的,要选最适合客户的
②determine that investment is suitable to client
Match客户要求
③judge the suitability in the context of client’s total portfolio
从客户的投资组合来看适宜性
2. When manage portfolio, must make recommendation consistent with stated objectives and constraints of the portfolio
d. Performance prentation 如实汇报业绩
- 陈述投资表现时,要考虑到听众的金融水平
- 计算历史表现,要包括terminate account(流失的客户)
- large cap growth composite 高价股组合
e. Prervation of confidentiality 保密
- embezzle 盗用
- 主要看是否违法,若违法应举报
- divulge 泄露
4. Duties to employers
- 并不是说公司的利益、雇主责任高于雇员责任,但是客户利益是高于一切的
- CS codes of standards
a. Loyalty
- 不能再离开前争取前雇主客户(除非雇主同意),但客户名字这种简单信息不算机密
- 带走公司书籍、记录、材料,是不允许的,除非雇主同意
- 不禁止联系前客户,除非有非竞争性协议
- 雇员join employee-led buyout(收购)不违反道德
- intern 也要受到约束
- 若之后的工作不是金融行业,则不会受到约束
- solicit 招揽
- languish 萎缩
- 申请政府职位且不solicit previous client 并不违反准则
- 离开公司后,利用公众信息招揽原来的客户,若无非竞争性条款,则不违反道德
b. Additional compensation arrangements: 不接受额外报酬
- 额外的报酬一定要向上司披露,不披露则违反道德
c. Responsibilities of supervisors: 监督他人
-
作为领导有义务向公司提出adequate procedure的不足,并对雇员做adequate procedure的培训
- 注意 accountable表明上下级关系
- 下属犯错,上级有责任,视同违反道德
5. Investment analysis, recommendations and actions
a. Diligence and reasonable basis
1. Exerci diligence, independence and thoroughness in analyzing investments
2. Supported by rearch and investigations
- using condary or third-party rearch: 要审查这些是否有充分根据:如时效性、客观性、假设合理性
- external advir: 确保有对external advir performance评估程序
-
要有sufficient scenario testing, 如不同产量水平上的价格
- group rearch: 有一人与小组意见不同时,他的名字不用去掉