西方文明史复习资料
一、人类文明的诞生
一）、四大文明发源地及其各自主要贡献：
1、两河流域Mesopotamia(3500 BCE-): Ur乌尔, Sumer苏摩尔, Akkad阿卡德, Babylonia巴比伦
贡献：楔形文字cuneiform --- First Written Language
农业：Sumer: barley大麦 was the main crop, but wheat, flax亚麻, dates, apples, plums李子, and grapes were also grown
Ur：6000人口中有2500的劳动力
畜牧业Husbandry 最早的白羊毛，羊（meat and milk; butter and chee ）比牛多
2、古印度 Ancient Egypt
数
3、古埃及 ancient Egypt
1） 大规模动员劳动力来建造大工程Large scale mobilization动员 of labors for huge projects.例Pyramid
2）天文学和建筑学Development in Astronomy and Architecture
3）书写系统Writing system
4）行政体系Administration system
4、古中国 ancient China 四大发明： gunpowder、 Compass、printing、 Papermaking
二）、犹太文明 Judaic Heritage
单一神论Monotheism( the belief in one God. God is all powerful ) Judaism Christian Beliefs
多神论polytheism
三）、Greco-Roman Heritage
1、古希腊罗马文明总结 Summery of Greco-Roman Heritage
1）Philosophy and way of thinking: Logic (Combined with Christianity to influence the daily life of the west)
2）Political system
3）Law
4）Arts
2、Greek Heritage
贡献： a. Logic, philosophy, science, literature, arts, political thoughts, historiography, poetics, esthetics, etc.
b. Handcraft, architecture, navigation, military arts, political and legal systems, etc.
哲学Philosophy: Pre-Socrates
1）爱琴海时代Aegean civilizations
•黑暗时代Greek Dark Age (1200-750 BCE)
•荷马时代The Homeric Age (ca. 800 BCE)
2）古希腊时代（700-500 BCE） Ancient Greek Civilizations
•民族报和城邦Ethnos and Polis (City-state)
•科林斯、斯巴达与雅典 Corinth, Sparta and Athens
•贵族、专制、民主Athens---Aristocracy, Tyranny and Democracy
Apollo阿波罗在此时代
贡献：文学和艺术Literature and arts：Homer 和Iliad伊利亚特 & Odessa 奥德赛
戏剧Dramas: Tragedy and Comedy
史学：Herodotus (c. 484 BC–c. 425 BCE) , the father of History史学之父
讲述了希腊波斯战争 The Histories tells the story of the Greco-Persian Wars ，Written about 440 BCE
代表人物： 苏格拉底 Socrates. 469 BC–399 BC
柏拉图Plato
亚里士多德Aristotl
•伯利克里Pericles, the popular Athenian democratic leader(461-429 BCE)
Despotism、Patriarch、Democracy专制、元老、民主
Hellenic Age
•The Persian War波斯战争
•Athenian Imperialism雅典帝国主义
•The Peloponnesian War (431- 404 BCE)
•Macedonian Unification of Greece希腊马其顿统一
3）Hellenistic Age泛希腊时代
•Alexander the Great亚历山大大帝
•Diffusion of Greek culture希腊文化扩散
2） Roman Heritage 贡献：法律 建筑
a. Ancient Rome
b. Republic Rome
c. Roman Empire
四）日耳曼文明Germanic Heritage
1、Commune Systems
2、Autonomy
3、Common Laws重点
•the law of ancient Rome from the time of the founding of the city in 753 BCE until the fall of the Western Empire in the 5th century CE. It remained in u in the Eastern, or Byzantine, Empire until 1453. As a legal system, Roman law has affected the development of law in most of Western civilization as well as in parts of the East. It forms the basis for the law codes of most countries of continental Europe and derivative systems elwhere.
代表人物： Julius Caesar
American civilization例如：玛雅文明Maya
第二部分：中世纪Middle Ages
第一部分：奴隶制的衰落与封建制的崛起
一、奴隶制的衰落Fall of Slavery System
1、罗马帝国的瓦解Collap of Roman Empire CE 476
2、基督教的兴起Ri of Christian Church Belief in afterlife来世
3、外族人的入侵Barbarian Invasions
*二、西方封建制特点Features of Western Feudalism
1）领主和他们的附庸Lords and their vassals
2）封地和农奴 Fief and rfs
•东西方封建体制的差异Differences between Western and Chine Feudal Systems
1）Lord vs. State
2）遗产继承和社会地位的变动Heredity vs. Social Mobility
注：Feudalism was the expression of a society in which every man was bound to every other by mutual ties of loyalty and rvice.
长子继承制Primogeniture
The firstborn son inherited the entirety of a parent's wealth, estate, title or office. In the abnce of children, inheritance pasd to the collateral relatives, in order of niority of the collateral line.
三、Feudalism and New Technologies
1）军事：来自中国 Military: From China, Stirrup
2）生产力的发展 Increa productivity
3）家庭成为主要的生产组织Houhold becomes the major unit of production
四、Decline of Feudalism
1、人口大减Depopulation of Europe
1） 战争Wars: (such as crusades十字军东征1095---1272)
2）黑死病1347 - 1350 Black Death: one third to half of the population died.
3）人口减少对其影响 The impact of depopulation on the feudalism.
第二部分：资本主义的兴起Emergence of Capitalism
一、文艺复兴The Italian Renaissance
1、简介：The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence affected literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual enquiry.
2、背景：Backgrounds:
