美国国家地理课程标准.doc 的翻译
K-4 K-4
Geography for Life 生活地理
National Geography Standards 1994 (Gr. K-4) 国家地理标准1994（希腊文K-4）
The Six Esntial Elements of Geography and the Eighteen Geography Standards 六要素的地理和十八地理课程标准
By esntial we mean that each piece is central and necessary: We must look at the world in this way. 我们必须意味着，每件作品是中央和必要的：我们必须以这种方式看待这个世界。 By element we mean that each piece is a building block for the whole. 元素，我们的意思是，每件作品是一个构建块的整体。 Each esntial element contains a number of geography standards. 每一个重要的元素包含一些地理课程标准。 Each standard prents a t of ideas and approaches that a geographically informed person needs to know and understand. 每个标准提供了一组在地理上获悉的人的思想和方法，需要知道和了解。
THE WORLD IN SPATIAL TERMS 在空间方面的世界
Geography studies the relationships between people, places, and environments by mapping information about them into a spatial context. 地理研究关于他们的信息映射到空间范围内的人，地点和环境之间的关系。
The geographically informed person knows
在地理上知情的人知道和了解...
Geography Standard 1: 地理标准1： How to u maps and other geographic reprentations, tools, and technologies to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective 如何使用地图和其他地理陈述，工具和收购的技术，工艺，和报告信息从空间的角度
By the end of the fourth grade, the student knows and understands: 到四年级结束时，学生知道和理解：
1. 1。 The characteristics and purpos of geographic reprentations--such as maps, gloves, graphs, diagrams, aerial and other photographs, and satellite-produced images 的地理陈述-比如地图，手套，图形，图表，航空和其他的照片和卫星产生图像的特点和用途
2. 2。 The characteristics and purpos of tools and technologies--such as reference works and computer-bad geographic information systems 的工具和技术-如参考作品和以计算机为基础的地理信息系统的特点和用途
3. 3。 How to display spatial information on maps and other geographic reprentations 如何显示在地图上的空间信息和其他地理陈述
4. 4。 How to u appropriate geographic tools and technologies 如何使用适当的地理工具和技术
Therefore, the student is able to: 因此，学生能够：
A. Identify and describe the characteristics and purpos of geographic reprentations, tools, and technologies, as exemplified by being able to: A.识别和描述的特点和目的的的地理陈述，工具和技术，例如能够：
Examine a variety of maps to identify and describe their basic elements (title, legend, cardinal directions,
检查各种地图，以确定和描述他们的基本元素（标题，图例，主要方向，
intermediate directions, grid, principal parallels, meridians, scale) 中间的方向，电网，主要的相似之处，经络，规模）
Interpret aerial photographs or satellite-produced image to locate and identify physical and human features (eg mountain ranges, rivers, vegetation regions, cities, dams, rervoirs) 解读航空摄影或卫星生成的图像定位和识别的物理和人性化功能（如山脉，河流，植被区，市，水坝，水库）
Design a map that displays information lected by the student, using symbols explained in a key 设计由学生选择的信息，显示在地图上，用符号解释在一个关键
B. Show spatial information on geographic reprentations, as exemplified by being able to: B.显示空间信息的地理陈述，例如能够：
Read a narrative and then create a sketch map to illustrate the narrative (eg, make a map showing the movement of a family of ducks as described in Make Way for Ducklings; or after reading the Little Hou ries by Laura Ingalls Wilder make a map of where the Ingalls family lived) 阅读叙事，然后创建一个示意图来说明的叙述（例如，使地图显示一个家庭的鸭子让路雏鸭的运动或阅读威尔德的小房子系列地图Ingalls家庭生活）
Report regional data in both a two-dimensional format (eg, by using proportional symbols drawn on a map) and a three-dimensional format (eg, stacking a proportionate number of counters on each region) 报告的区域中的数据二者的二维格式（例如，通过使用比例在地图上绘制的符号）和一个三维的格式（例如，每个区域上层叠的柜台数目比例）
Construct diagrams or charts to display spatial information (eg, construct a bar graph that compares the populations of the five largest cities in a US state) 构造图或图表显示空间信息（例如，建立一个条形图在美国的一个州五大城市的人口比较）
C. U geographic reprentations, tools, and technologies to answer geographic questions, as exemplified by being able to: C.使用地理陈述，工具和技术，例如能够回答地理问题：
U a map grid (eg, alphanumeric system) to answer the question -- What is this location? 使用的地图网格（例如，字母数字系统）来回答这个问题-这是什么位置？ -- as applied to places chon by the teacher and student (eg latitude/longitude) -适用于由教师和学生选择的地方（例如：纬度/经度）
U thematic maps to answer questions about human distributions (eg, What explains the distribution of the human population on Earth?) 使用对人类的分布回答问题（例如，如何解释地球上的人口分布专题地图）
U different types of map scales (linear, fractional, and word scale) to measure the distance between two places in respon to the question--How far is location A from location B? 在回应这个问题，使用不同类型的地图比例尺（线性，分数，字量表）来测量两地之间的距离-位置A位置B有多远？
The geographically informed person knows 在地理上知情的人知道和了解...
