Unit 17 From Penal Colony to “Free Migration”
(从充军地到“自由移民”)
一、本单元重点内容
1. Beginning of the penal colony (澳大利亚作为充军地的始末)
2. Family life in the penal colony (充军地中的家庭生活) and Women in the penal colony (充军地中女性)
3. Convict labourers and workers (罪犯劳工与苦力)
4. Emancipists （刑满释放者）
5. From convict transportation to free migration (从罪犯运输到自由移民)
6. The basic problem of free migration （自由移民的根本性问题）
7. The Wakefield Scheme (“韦克菲尔德”计划)
二、本单元重、难点辅导
1. Beginning of the penal colony (澳大利亚作为充军地的始末)
The European ttlement in Australia started in 1788 in Sydney. After that, there were 6 parate British colonies: New South Wales, Tasmania, Queensland, Western Australia, Victoria and South Australia. NSW, Tasmania, and Queensland were established as convict colonies (充军地); Victoria and South Australia were ttled as “free” colonies. Western Australia, established in 1828 as a free colony, turned to convict labour in 1850 and became a convict colony for 19 years until 1869.
1788年欧洲人开始在悉尼定居，之后，共建立了6个独立的英国殖民地：新南威尔士、塔斯马尼亚、昆士兰、西澳大利亚、维多利亚和南澳大利亚。新南威尔士、塔斯马尼亚和昆士兰是作为充军地建立起来的；西澳大利亚在1828年建立之初是一个自由殖民地，但是在
1850年转而接受罪犯劳动力，成为一个充军地，历时19年之久，到1869年结束。维多利亚和南澳大利亚是自由殖民地。从19世纪30年代到20世纪后半期，政府援助的“自由劳动力”移民计划，在澳大利亚的现代政治经济学的发展中起着主要的作用。
2. Family life in the penal colony (充军地中的家庭生活)
At the beginning of the ttlement, men vastly outnumbered women becau convicts’ wives in England were discouraged from following their husbands to Australia. Family life in the colony was different from life in the Britain.
Women in the penal colony(充军地中女性): When a ship with women convicts or “free” women migrants docked, first the Government officials and nior officers, then the sailors and “free” working men were allowed to go on board to claim a woman as a rvant and/or a concubine. Convicts could claim the remaining women. The women who were not claimed either slept on the streets or were nt to the “Female Factory”---a prison in Paramatta.当载有女犯或女性自由移民的船靠岸时，首先是政府官员和高级军官，然后是水手和自由民工人都可以到船上去领一个女人回家做仆人兼/或情妇。罪犯可以
认领剩下的女人。没有人认领的女人要么睡在大街上，要么被送到位于新南威尔士Paramatta的一座监狱，称为“女子工厂”。女犯们在里面从事纺织布等工作。
Women in the colony had little choice between an informal relationship or prostitution.在澳大利亚的妇女除了选择非正式的家庭关系(即做情妇)或卖淫之外，没有其它的选择。
The convict husbands of free wives could be assigned to work for their own families as ticket-of-leave(假释证) rvants.获得减刑或免刑的罪犯丈夫可以被分配给他们的自由民妻子去做以工换酬的的仆人。
The first generation of children who were born in NSW were called “Currency children”, and in the physical stature and easy demeanor, they were favorably compared with tho of the children reared in the industrial towns and slums of England. They were also less criminal than their peers in England. 早期新南威尔士殖民地出生长大的孩子被称为“Currency children”。在澳大利亚出生长大的儿童，在体格和行为做事上，都要优于在英格兰的工业城镇和贫民窟中长大的儿童。他们的犯罪率也比英格兰的同龄人要低。
3. Convict labourers and workers (罪犯劳工与苦力)
Francis Greenaway（弗朗西斯·格林纳威）was a convict architect. He designed many of the fine buildings in Sydney, some of which can still be en today.弗朗西斯·格林纳威是一个罪犯建筑师。他为悉尼设计了许多精美的建筑，其中有一些现在还能看得见。
The pastoralists are major landowners. They are usually the magistrates (地方官员) of their local area. They ud the legal power as magistrates to force convict labourers to work hard. They built their wealth on the unpaid labour of the convicts. This is why they supported the transportation of convicts to Australia. 大牧场主通常是当地的地方法官。他们利用手中的法律权利，迫使罪犯劳动力辛勤劳作。 他们通过罪犯的无偿劳动积累财富。这就是他们支持向澳大利亚运输罪犯的原因。
4. Emancipists （刑满释放者）
The emancipists are ex-convicts who were fully or conditionally pardoned for conduct or rvice. They became successful farmers, lawyers, architects and government administrators. They contributed a lot to the development Australian society. By the 1820s, a third of the richest men in the colony were emancipists, among them were Mary
Reibey and James Ru.
是指以前的罪犯中因为其良好的行为表现或提供的服务而被无条件赦免或有条件赦免者。他们中的一些成为成功的农民、律师、建筑师和政府官员。他们对澳大利亚社会的发展做出了很大的贡献。到19世纪20年代为止，这片殖民地上1/3的富人都是那些被释放的犯人，其中有玛丽·莱蓓和詹姆士·鲁斯。
Mary Reibey (玛丽·莱蓓): "Free" women convicts ran the new business with their husbands. Tho who had been widowed operated as independent publicans, dealers, traders, and shopkeepers able to request extra rvants and grants of extra land. Mary Reibey was the most famous of the successful and wealthy ex-convict business women.
获得自由的妇女与丈夫们一起经营新的生意。失去丈夫的妇女可以做独立的酒吧老板、做买卖、经商或做店主，她们可以用自己的名字获得额外的仆人并得到政府额外特批的土地。玛丽·莱蓓是这些前罪犯女商人中最成功和富有的。
The convicts Elizabeth and James Ru became the 1st successful farming family. James ru received the 1st land grant in the NSW. 罪犯莎白和詹姆士·鲁斯成为第一个成功的农民家庭。詹姆士·鲁斯获得了土地，这是殖民地第一次向个人授予土地。这是殖民地第一次向个人授予土地。
5. From convict transportation to free migration (从罪犯运输到自由移民)
Convict transportation was suspended (中止) in New South Wales in 1840, and Tasmania, 1852, Western Australia, 1868.
