宾语从句
1.概念：宾语从句是名词性从句的一种，即在在主从复合句中充当宾语，起宾语作用的句子。包括动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和系表结构的宾语从句。宾语从句的连接词that, whether, if;连接代词what, who, whom, who, which等；连接副词when, where, why, how等。
注：从属连词是连词的一种，用来引导名词性从句和状语从句。
2.宾语从句的句法功能
1.做动词的宾语
He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter.
【拓展】有些短语动词也可以接宾语从句，如make up one’s mind（下决心）, make sure（确保）, keep in mind（牢记）等。
Make sure that no one finds out about this.
2.做介词的宾语
It all depends on whether it will be fine（adj.好的；健康的; 晴朗的;） the day after tomorrow.
3.做系表结构的宾语。常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有：afraid, sure, certainly, glad, plead, happy, sorry, satisfied, surprid等。
She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
3．宾语从句的引导词
1.that
由that引导的宾语从句表示陈述意义。从属连词that无实际意义，在从句中不充当任何成分。
He said (that) he was good at drawing.
I’m sure (that) he will come tomorrow.
【注意】（1）在以下情况中that不能省略：
A.当宾语从句的主语是this, that或被this，that修饰时。
She said that this book was very uful.
He told us that that was why he was late.
（2）许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。
例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.
（3）如果主句的谓语动词是ask时，连词不可能是that；如果主句的谓语动词是say时，连词用that.
She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk .
He said (that) he was going to take care of the child .
He asks if I like playing the piano .
You may ask the man over there how you can get to the bus station .
2.whether/if
（1）可用whether/if的情况
whether/if引导的从句在从句中不做成分，意为“是否”。
I wonder whether/if they will come to our party.
（2）只用whether不用if的情况
A.引导介词后的宾语从句时。
I’m interested in whether he joins the army.
B.与or not连用时。
Could you tell me whether you go or not?
C.与动词不定式连用时，也只能用whether。
Tomorrow the teacher will tell us whether to have a rest.
D.在少数动词后，如discuss,doubt等动词后的宾语从句常用whether。
They are discussing whether we should group（v.合并） the three companies.
E.当宾语从句放在句首时，不能用if，只能用whether.
Whether this is true or not, I can’t say.这是否是真的，我说不上来。
（3）只能用if不用whether的情况：当if引导否定概念的宾语从句时。
例句：He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
3.连接代词引导的宾语从句
宾语从句可由连接代词what, whatever, who, whom, who, which, whoever, whomever, whichever等引导，它们在其中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等，不能被省略。
Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?
We believe what she told us.我们相信她对我们说的话。
Do you know who has won the game?
4.连接副词引导的宾语从句
宾语从句可由连接副词when,where,why,how等引导，它们在句中担任状语的成分，不能被省略。
None of us knows where English books can be bought.
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。
四.宾语从句的时态
1.当主句谓语动词是一般现在时或者祈使句时，宾语从句根据情况选用时态（主现从任）
The headmaster hopes everything goes well（顺利）.
Plea tell me whom you went to the park with this morning.
2.当主句谓语动词是过去的某种时态时,从句中谓语动词也要用过去范畴的时态（主过从过）。但若从句陈述的是真理或客观规律,不论主句是什么时态,其谓语的时态仍用一般现在时。
He asked who could answer the question 4 on Page 5.
She said that she had finished her homework already.
My father told me that the earth goes around the sun.
【注意】
（1）could / would是委婉语气，而不是过去式，因此宾语从句的时态根据实际情况用不同时态
Could you tell us which gate we have to go to ?
Would you like to know when he will come back ?
五.宾语从句的语序
引导词(在最前)+陈述句语序(即:主语在前,谓语在后.即使从句表达的是疑问含义).
The photographs will show you what our village looks like.
He asked how much I paid for the violin.
【注意】宾语从句要用陈述语序，主语前不可有be动词，情态动词或助动词do, does, did, have, has, had等。
六.宾语从句的否定转移
当主句的谓语是think, believe, imagine, suppo, consider, expect等表示主观看法的动词，且主句的主语是第一人称时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来，其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.
I don’t think he will come to my party.
We don’t believe she can do it better, can she?
I don’t suppo I’ll trouble you again.
*七.宾语从句的简化
1.由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。
I don’t know what I should do next.
→I don’t know what to do next.
2.当主句的谓语动词是e, watch, hear等感官动词时，从句可简化为“宾语+宾语补足语”结构，宾语补足语为不带to的动词不定式或动词-ing形式。
He saw the wallet was lying on the floor.=He saw the wallet lying（v.躺; 说谎; 坐落在; 处于…状态） on the floor.
1.No one can be sure _______ in a million years. ( 91 )陈述语序A
A. what man will look like B. what will man look like
C. man will look like what D. what look will man like
2.You can only be sure of ______you have at prent; you cannot be sure of something _____you might get in the future. . （2007年安徽）
A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that
3.A computer can only do _____ you have instructed it to do.
A. how B. after C. what D. when
