短语结构树
(18) The PS tree for the ntence “ the child found a puppy”
S
NP VP
Det N V NP
The child found Det N
a puppy
X-bar 图示
XP (NP)
Specifier X’(N’)
( The)
X(N) Complement
(mayor) ( of Guangzhou )
各种短语的X-杠标图示
NP: The tall black student of English from china.
[NP[SpecThe [N’ [Modifier tall [N’ [Modifier black [N’ [N student [Comp [ppof English]] [Adjunct [pp from china]]]]]]]]] (a detailed illustration of the ntence by the nested square backets).
XP
(NP)
Specifier N’
手抄报图
(The)
Modifier N’
(tall)
Modifier N’
( black)
N’ Adjunct(PP)
(from China)
N Complement (PP)
(student) (of English)
b. VP : ……all read the letters after lunch.
[VP [Spec all [V’ [V read [NP the [N’ [N letters [PP after lunch]]]]]]]]
VP
Specifier V’
(all)
V’ PP地区的英语
after lunch
V NP
read the
N’
N Comp
letters (empty)
c: PP: right through the center d: AP: Very afraid of snakes.
[PP right [P’ [P through [NP the center]]]] [AP very[A’ [A afraid [PP of snakes]]]]
PP AP
right P’ very A’
P NP A PP
through the center afraid of snakes
e: AdvP： quite independently of any outside pressure.
[AdvP quite [Adv’ [Adv independently [PP [P’ [P of [NP [Spec any [N’ outside [N pressure]]]]]]]]]]
AdvP
quite Adv’
Adv PP
&烤猪脚
nbsp; independently
P’
P NP
of
any N’
outside N
pressure
句子结构：曲折短语IP
(23) a. John would study English
b. John to study English.
IP
John I’
I VP
would
( to ) V’
V NP
study English
(24) a. John studies English.
b. John is studying English.
c. John has studied English.
IP
John I’
I VP
-s
( is…-ing ) V’
( has.. –n)
V NP
study English
标句词词组CP:
They say that John will study English.
[IP They [I’ I(-pres.) [VP say [CP that [IP John [I’ will [VP study English]]]]]]].
IP
Spec I’
They
I VP
( -pres.)
( prent ten)
V CP
say
C IP
that
邀请函的格式
; John will study English
并列结构
(26). The cat and the dog.
NP
NP1 CoordP
The cat
Coord. NP2
and the dog
Exerci I
e.g.: The prisoners brutally attacked the guard who spotted them.
Two claus: 1. The prisoners brutally attacked the guard…--------- main clau
2. ... who spotted them. ---------relative clau
They are both declarative claus. In clau 1, the prisoners (NP) is the subject; brutally (
Adv.) is an adjunct modifying the VP (attacked the guard …); attacked (V) is the predicate; and the guard who spotted them(NP) is the complement of the ntence. In the cond clau, who is the subject; spotted is the predicate; and them is the complement. The whole clau is ud as a relative clau modifying the antecedent NP the guard.
