国际贸易 名词解释
机会成本（opportunity cost）：
The amount of another item must be given up in order to relea sufficient resources to produce one more unit of a given item.
生产某种产品而必须放弃的能够生产除此以外最大可获收益的产品的代价。
机会成本不变的存在需要两个条件：第一，两种产品生产中所使用的要素比例固定不变，并且可以相互替代；第二，所有产品中使用的同一要素都是同质的。
绝对优势（absolute advantage）
If one nation is more efficient than (or has an absolute advantage over) another nation in the production of one commodity, the nation has absolute advantage in that commodity.
各国间存在的生产技术存在绝对差异，以及由此造成的劳动生产率和生产成本的绝对差别，是国际分工和国际贸易的基础。各国应集中生产并出口具有“绝对优势”的产品，进口
其不具有“绝对优势”的产品，其结果比自己什么都生产更有利。
比较优势（comparative advantage）
According to the law of comparative advantage, even if a nation is less efficient than the other nation in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually相互地 beneficial trade. The first nation should specialize in the production of and export the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is smaller and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater.
两国间生产技术存在相对差异，生产和贸易模式是由生产技术的相对差异以及由此产生的相对成本的差异决定的。各国应专门生产并出口其具有比较优势的产品，进口其具有比较劣势的产品。
要素密集度（ Factor Intensity）
It measures the input ratio of product factors in the production.
要素密度是指生产某种商品时，与生产另一种商品相比，所投入两种生产要素的比例。这是一个相对的概念，与生产要素的绝对投入量无关。
要素丰裕度 （Factor Abundance）
It measures the relative abundance of one nation’s economic resconden
ources.
要素丰裕度衡量的是一个国家所拥有的经济资源的相对丰富性。
H-O定理 （ H-O Theorem）
A nation will export the commodity who production requires the intensive u of the nation’s reatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodity who production requires the intensive u of the nation’s relatively scarce稀缺的 and expensive factor.
特定要素模型（ Specific-factors Model）
The model analyzes the effect of a change in commodity price on the returns of factors in
a nation when at least one factor is not mobile between industries.
假定一种生产要素流动另一种不流动，可以分析在短期内国际贸易对生产要素收入的影响。
斯托尔珀-萨缪尔森定理 （Stolper-Samuelson Theorem）
Free international trade reduces the real income of the nation’s relatively scarce and expensive factor and increas the real income of its relatively abundant and cheap factor.
某一商品相对价格上升，将导致该商品密集使用的生产要素的实际价格或报酬提高，而另一种生产要素的实际价格或报酬则下降。
外部规模经济 （ External economies ）
External economies of scale refer to the reduction ineach firm’s average costs of production as the entire industry output expands.
行业内企业的增加和相对集中，使企业在信息收集、产品销售等方面的交易成本下降，称为外部规模经济。
内部规模经济（ Internal economies）
Internal economies of scale refer to the reduction in the average costs of production as the firm’s output expands.Increasing returns to scale are internal to a firm.
厂商的平均成本随着其本身生产规模的扩大而下降决战食神演员表
，称为内部规模经济。
偏好相似理论 （Preference Similarity Theory）
The are products that appeal to the majority of the population. In the process of satisfying such a market, the nation acquires the necessary experience and efficiency to be able subquently to export the commodities to other nations with similar tastes and income levels. The nation will then import tho products that appeal to its low- and high-income minorities.
满足国内需求后，出口商品至需求相近国。
罗伯津斯基定理（the Rybczynski Theorem）
The theorem postulates that at constant prices, an increa in the endowment of one factor will increa by a greater proportion the output of the commodity intensive in that factor and will reduce the output of窗户英文
the other commodity.
假定一个国家只生产两种产品，在商品价格固定不变的前提下，某一生产要素的增长将导致密集使用该要素部门的生产增加，使密集使用其他要素部门的生产下降。
贫困化增长（immirizing growth）
It is the situation where a nation’s terms of trade deteriorate so much as a result of growth that the nation is wor off after growth than before, even if growth without trade tends to improve the nation’s welfare.
出口商品生产能力的提高对贸易条件和国内经济可能产生不利影响。
保护幼稚产业理论（Infant-industry Protection Theory）
Infant industry argument holds that Temporary trade protection is needed to establish and protect the domestic industry during its "infancy" until it can meet foreign competition, achieve economies of scale, and reflect the nation's long-run comparative advantage. At that time, protection is to be removed.
政府应干预对外贸易，通过征收高额关税及禁止进口等方式，保护本国幼稚产业的成长。保护贸易政策的目的是促进生产力的发展，培育幼稚产业的自由竞争能力。
关税种类：
进口税（import tariff）
Import tariffs are more important than export tariffs, and most of our discussion will deal with import tariffs.
进口国家海关在外国商品输入时，对本国进口商所征收的关税。是关税中最主要的一种，是执行关税保护职能的主要工具。
出口税（Export tariffs ）
Export tariffs are prohibited by the U.S. Constitution but are often applied by developing countries on their traditional exports to get better prices and rai revenues.
过境税（Transit duties）课件无
海关税则
从价税（Ad valorem tariff ）
A fixed percentage tax on the traded commodity.
按单位商品价格的固定百分比计征的关税。
从量税（Specific tariff）
A fixed sum tax per unit of a traded commodity.
按照商品的重量和体积、数量、容量、长度和面积等计量单位为标准计征的关税。
最惠国税 The Most Favored Nation Duty (normal tariff):
an import preferential tariff is applicable to the countries which have the bilateral or multilateral agreements.
