河北师范大学
毕业论文（设计）英文文献翻译
学生姓名 | : | *** |
专 业 | : | 数学与应用数学 |
年 级 | : | 2008级 |
学 号 | : | 200820404119 |
本(专)科 | : | 本科 |
指导教师 | : | *** |
| | |
河北师范大学教务处印制
外文文献
The development of probability theor高三励志
y
Summary
This paper consist therefore of two parts: The first is concerned with the development of the calyculus of chance before Bernoulli in order to provide a background for the achievement of Ja kob Bernoulli and will emphasize especially the role of Leibniz. The cond part deals with the relationship between Leibniz add Bernoulli and with Bernoulli himlf, particularly with the question how it came about that he introduced probability into mathematics.
First some preliminary remarks:
Ja kob Bernoulli is of special interest to me, becau he is the founder of a mathematical theory校园暴力黑板报
of probability. That is to say that it is mainly due to him that a concept of probability was introduced into a field of mathematics.
Text
Mathematics could call the calc读书手抄报图片大全
ulus of games of chance before Bernoulli. This has anoth
er conquence that makes up for a whole programme: The mathematical tools of this calculus should be applied in the whole realm of areas which ud a concept of probability. In other words，the Bernoullian probability theory should be applied not only to games of chance and mortality questions but also to fields like jurisprudence, medicine, etc.
My paper consists therefore of two parts: The first is concerned with the development of the calculus of chance before Bernoulli in order to provide a background or the achievements of Ja kob Bernoulli and will emphasize especially the role of Leibniz. The cond part deals with the relationship between Leibniz and Bernoulli and Bernoulli himlf, particularly with the question how it came about that he introduced probability into mathematics.
Whenever one asks why something like a calculus of probabilities aro in the 17th century, one already assumes veral things: for instance that before the 17th century it did not exist, and that only then and not later did such a calculus emerge. If one examine
s the quite impressive literature on the history of probability, one finds that it is by no means a foregone conclusion that there was no calculus of probabilities before the 17th century. Even if one disregards numerous references to qualitative and quantitative inquiries in antiquity and among the Arabs and the Jews, which, rather freely interpreted, em to suggest the application of a kind of probability-concept or the u of statistical methods, it is nevertheless certain that by the end of the 15th century an attempt was being interpreted.
People made in some arithmetic works to solve problems of games of chance by computation. But since similar problems form the major part of the early writings on probability in the 17th century, one may be induced to ask why then a calculus of probabilities did not emerge in the late 15th century. One could say many things: For example, that the early game calculations in fact reprent one branch of a development which ultimately resulted in a calculus of probabilities. Then why shouldn't one place the origin of the calculus of probabilities before the 17th after all? Quite simply becau a suitable concept of probability was missing from the earlier computations. Onc
e the calculus of probabilities had been developed, it became obvious that the older studies of games of chance formed a part of the new discipline.
We need not consider the argument that practically all the solutions of problems of games of chance propod in the 15th and 16th centuries could have been viewed as inexact, and thus at best as approximate, by Ferm十二英语怎么说
at in the middle of the 17th century, that is, before the emergence of a calculus of probabilities.
The asrtion that no concept of probability was applied to games of chance up to the middle of the 17th century can mean either that there existed no concept of probability (or none suitable), or that though such a concept existed it was not applied to games of chance. I consider the latter to be correct, and in this I differ from Hacking, who argues that an appropriate concept of probability was first devid in the 17th century.
I should like to mention that Hacking(Mathematician)and I agree on a number of points. For instance, on the significance of the legal tradition and of the practical ("-low") sciences: Hacking makes such factors responsible for the emergence of a new concept o
f probability, suited to a game calculus, while perceive them as bringing about the transfer and quantification of a pre-existent probability-concept.
