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2.1.2ASTM P UBLICATIONS
Available from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 USA.
ASTM D 128—Analysis of Lubricating Grea
ASTM D 217—Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grea
ASTM D 566—Dropping Point of Lubricating Grea
ASTM D 942—Oxidation Stability of Lubricating Greas by the Oxygen Bomb Method
ASTM D 972—Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Greas and Oils
ASTM D 1092—Apparent Viscosity of Lubricating Greas
ASTM D 1263—Leakage Tendencies of Automotive Wheel Bearing Greas
ASTM D 1264—Water Washout Characteristics of Lubricating Greas
ASTM D 1403—Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grea Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale Cone Equipment
ASTM D 1404—Test Method for Estimation of Deleterious Particles In Lubricating Grea
ASTM D 1478—Low-Temperature Torque of Ball Bearing Greas
ASTM D 1742—Oil Separation from Lub24节气顺序
ricating Grea During Storage
ASTM D 1743—Corrosion Preventive Properties of Lubricating Greas
ASTM D 1831—Roll Stability of Lubricating Grea
ASTM D 2265—Dropping Point of Lubricating Grea Over Wide-Temperature Range
ASTM D 2266—Wear Preventive Characteristics of Lubricating Grea (Four-Ball Method)
ASTM D 2509—Measurement of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricating Grea (Timken Method)
ASTM D 2595—Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Greas Over Wide-Temperature Range
ASTM D 2596—Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grea (Four-Ball Method) ASTM D 3336—Test Method for Life of Lubricating Greas in Ball Bearings at Elevated Temperatures ASTM D 3337—Test Method for Life and Torque of Lubricating 过年去哪旅游好
Greas in Small Ball Bearings
ASTM D 3527—Life Performance of Automotive Wheel Bearing Grea
ASTM D 3704—Test Method for Wear Preventive Properties of Lubricating Greas Using the (Falex) Block on Ring Test Machine in Oscillating Motion
ASTM D 4048—Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from Lubricating Grea
ASTM D 4049—Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Lubricating Grea to Water Spray
ASTM D 4170—Fretting Wear Protection by Lubricating Greas
ASTM D 4289—Compatibility of Lubricat心理描写的词语
ing Grea with Elastomers
ASTM D 4290—Leakage Tendencies of Automotive Wheel Bearing Grea Under Accelerated Conditions
ASTM D 4425—Standard Test Method for Oil Separation from Lubricating Grea by Centrifuging (Koppers Method)
ASTM D 4693—Low-Temperature Torque of Gread-Lubricated Wheel Bearings
ASTM D 4950—Standard Classification and Specification for Automotive Service Greas
ASTM D 5483—Test暖男头像动漫
Method for Oxidation Induction Time of Lubricating Greas by Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry
ASTM D 5706—Test Method for Determining Extreme Pressure Properties of Lubricating Greas Using
a High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
ASTM D 5707—Test Method for Measuring Friction and Wear Properties of Lubricating Grea Using a High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
ASTM D 5969—Test Method for Corrosion-Preventive Properties of Lubricating Greas in Prence of Dilute Synthetic Sea Water Environments
ASTM D 6138—Test Method for Determination of Corrosion Preventive Properties under Dynamic Wet Conditions (Emcor Test)
ASTM D 6184—Test Method for Oil Separation from Lubricating Grea (Conical Sieve Method)
ASTM D 6185—Practice for Evaluating Compatibility of Binary Mixtures of Lubricating Greas
ASTM MNL-1—Manual on Significant Petroleum Tests (Sixth Edition)
2.1.3NLGI P UBLICATIONS
Available from NLGI, 4635 Wyandotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64112 USA.
NLGI Recommended Practice for Lubricating Pasnger Car Wheel Bearings
NLGI Recommended Practice for Lubricating Pasnger Car Ball Joint Front Suspensions
Constant Velocity Joint Greas, Fish, G., NLGI Spokesman, December 1999
2.1.4ELGI P UBLICATIONS
Available from the European Lubricating Grea I nstitute, Hemonylaan 26, 1074 BJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
The Oil Separation Handbook, Miller, D., 2003
The Rheology of Lubricating Grea, Balan, C. ed., 2000
3.Definition of Lubricating Grea
A lubricating grea is a solid to mi-fluid mixture of a liquid lubricant and a thickening agent. Additives to impart special properties or performance characteristics may be incorporated. The liquid component may be a mineral (petroleum) oil or a synthetic fluid; the thickener may be a metallic soap or soaps or a nonsoap substance such as an organophilic modified clay, a urea compound, carbon black, or other material. The viscosity of the fluid, the thickener concentration, and the chemical nature of the thickener can vary widely. The properties of the finished grea are influenced by the manufacturing process as well as by the materials ud.
4.Basic Performance Requirements
Greas are most often ud instead of fluids where a lubricant is required to maintain its original position in a mechanism, especially where opportunities for frequent relubrication may be limited or economically unjustifiable. This requirement may be due to the physical configuration of the mechanism, the type of motion, the type of aling, or to the need for the lubricant to perform all or part of any aling function in the prevention of lubricant loss or the entrance of contaminants. Becau of their esntially solid nature, greas do not perform the cooling and cleaning functions associated with the u of a fluid lubricant. With the exceptions, greas are expected to accomplish all other functions of fluid lubricants.
A satisfactory grea for a given application is expected to:
a. Provide adequate lubrication to reduce friction and to prevent harmful wear of mating components
b. Protect against corrosion.
c. Act as a al to prevent entry of dirt and water.
d. Resist leakage, dripping, or undesirable throw off from the lubricated surfaces.
e. Resist objectionable change in structure or consistency with mechanical working (in the mechanism)
during prolonged rvice.
5.4Mechanical Stability
The resistance of a grea to permanent changes in consistency due to the continuous application of shearing forces.
The stability of a grea is important to its ability to provide adequate lubrication and aling and to remain properly in place during u.
5.5Apparent Viscosity
The ratio of shear stress to rate of shear at a stated temperature and shear rate. Grea is by nature a non-Newtonian material. Therefore, the usual concept of viscosity valid for simple fluids (that is, internal resistance to flow) is not entirely applicable. The ratio of shear stress to shear rate varies as the shear rate changes. The apparent viscosity of most greas 怎样炸鸡腿
decreas with an increa of either temperature or shear rate. Apparent viscosity greatly influences the ea of handling, dispensing and flow characteristics of a grea. The applied shear rate or applied shear stress needs to be included when the apparent viscosity is reported.
5.6Dropping Point
The elevated temperature at which the grea generally pass fr板栗泡酒
om a solid to a liquid state or rapidly parates ba fluid, and flows through an orifice under standard test conditions. The dropping point is incorrectly regarded by some as establishing the maximum temperature for acceptable u. Performance at high temperature also depends on other factors such as duration of exposure, oxidation and evaporation resistance, and design of the lubricated mechanism.
5.7Oxidation Resistance
The resistance to chemical deterioration in storage and in rvice caud by exposure to air. It depends on the stability of the individual grea components, and can be improved by u of antioxidants. Oxidation resistance is important wherever long storage or rvice life is required or where high temperatures prevail even for short periods.
5.8Protection Against Friction and Wear
A protection greatly influenced by the viscosity and type of the fluid component and by grea structural and consistency characteristics. This performance characteristic can be altered by u of additives.
5.9Protection Against Corrosion
A protection of ferrous components achieved primarily by the inclusion of suitable additives in the grea. The effectiveness of the protection is influenced also by the chemical and physical properties, such as interactions with other additives, consistency and ba oil viscosity (both of which will determine how effectively the grea will al out corrosive and other undesirable material), and the interaction with water. The effect of water on the grea can be significant. Some greas are water resistant or waterproof, which means that they resist the washing effect of water and do not absorb it t重庆好的大学
o any significant extent. Other greas can absorb varying amounts of water without appreciable damage to their structure or consistency, and may provide better rust protection than waterproof greas which can permit the accumulation of free water in bearings.
