数学专业英语－Operations Rearch
The start of operations rearch took place in a military context in the United Kingdom during World War Ⅱ, and it was quickly taken up under the name operations rearch (OR笔友英语
) in tdatedif函数
he United States. After the war it evolved in connection with industrial organization, and its many techniques allowed for expanding areas of application in the United States, the United Kingdom, and in other industrial countries. It is, however, not easy to give a preci definition of operations rearch, There are three different reprentative definitions.
According to the classical definition, due to P. M. Mor and G. E. Kimball, operations rearch is a scientific method of providing executives with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding operations under their control.
The cond definition, due to C. W. Churchman, R. L. Ackoff, and E. L. Arnoff, is as follows: operations rearch in the most general n can be characterized as the application of scientific methods, techniques, and tools to the operations of systems so as to provide tho in control with optimum solutions to problems.
As the third definition we mention the suggestion due to S. Beer: operations rearch is the attack of modern science on problems of likelihood (accepting mischance) that ari in the management and control of men, machines, materials, and money in their natural environments. Its special technique is to invent a strategy of control by measuring, comparing, and predicting probable behaviour through a scientific model of a situation.
The three definitions have veral common features. In the first place, operations rearch rves executives by providing partial obrvations and advice which they can u in judging a situation. Second, the applicability of operations rearch is limited to areas where scientific methods can be successfully applied. This is the reason why operations rearch would not be considered to extend beyond only partial obrvation and advice. A fundamental requirement for a scientific approach is that it must have a mathematical model who validity can be tested by actual data, Third, any operation should satisfy three necessary conditions in order that it may 月光曲教学设计
be an object of scientific approach: (1) the operation should be defined objectively; (2) the results, conquences, and effects of its application should be objectively measurable; (3) the operation should b
e capable of repetition. Fourth , operations rearch should aim at finding a practical strategy. Although operations rearch is bad on scientific methodology, it does not aim at establishing general scientific asrtions that are valid for all situstions.
The four points are esntial to any operations rearch, and are implicit in each of the three aforementioned definitions.
On the other hand the three definitions emphasize differently some specific features of operations rearch, according to their historical positions. In comparion with the first definition, the cond makes clearer the place where operations rearch is applied by pointing out that it is concerned with the operations of systems, and, instead of the vague mention of quantitative basis for decisions in the first definition, it states that operations rearch eks optimum solutions, reflecting a stage where optimum solutions were sought by applications of mathematical programming techniques. In the third definition of operations rearch the notion of system is defined explicitly, the notion of operation is defined to be its special technique, and the objectives of operations rearch are given. It
is clearly asrted that operations rearch belongs to the methodology of applied sciences. In operations rearch, operations and systems are dealt with in their intimate interconnection. The methodology of operations rearch therefore relies on an overall approach for which interdisciplinary cooperation is indispensable and in which the operations rearch team plays an important role.
In applying the operations rearch approach to the circumstances with which we are concerned, we concentrate our interest on mutual relation处女座的女孩子性格
ships among input and output characteristics. A black-box method by which the interrelation between input and output can be clarified without entering the actual mechanism of the transformation yielded by the system or by its subsystems plays a fundamental role in operations rearch. The following are major phas of an operations rearch project: (1) formulating the problem; (2) constructing a mathematical model to reprent the system under study and deriving a solution from the model; (3) testing the model and the solution derived form it; (4) the implementation stage of establishing controls over the solution and putting it to work. It is important to construct a model of information communication in connection. Wit
h a mathematical model of any problem in operations rearch. Process of aliocation, competition, queuing, inventory, and production appear frequently in the mathematical models of operations rearch.
——From Encyclopedic Dictionary
of Mathematics
Vocabulary
Operations rearch (OR) 运筹 interdiscipline 交叉学科
Executive 行政人员 interdisciplinary cooperation 交叉学科的
likelihood 似然 合作
scientific approach 科学方法 black-box method 黑箱方法
methodology 方法论 implementation stage 实现阶段
aforementioned 前述的 queue 排队
mathematical programming 数学规划
Notes
1. Operations Rearch运筹学. 运筹学是第二次世界大战期间,为解决后勤供应问题而发展起来的一门学科,它运用最优化技术去解决管理和决策问题.
2. According to the classical definition, due to P. M. Mor and G. E. Kimball, operations rearch is a scientific method of providing executives with a quantitive basis for decisions regarding operations under their control.
