凸透镜标准不确定度的误差分析
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凸透镜焦距的测定的误差分析
林明菊
摘 要:透镜是光学仪器中最基本的光学元件～而透镜焦距是透镜的重要参量之一～透镜的成像位置及性质,大小、虚实,均与其有关。本文通过对凸透镜焦距测定的研究～在相同测量条件下采用两次成像法取不同的d、D值测得的结果进行比较分析～总结出D值的选取对不确定度影响的规律～为焦距测量实验提供一些数据参考。
关键词:薄透镜,凸透镜,焦距,测量方法,实验误差
不同透镜有不同的焦距，而同一透镜的焦距有多种测量方法，对于测量方法的选取应根据
不同的透镜、不同的精度要求和具体的实验条件选择合适的方法。测量凸透镜焦距的方法主要有以下几种:物距像距法测凸透镜焦距、辅助透镜成像法测凸透镜焦距、两次成像法测凸透镜焦距(又称共轭法、贝塞尔法或位移法)、自准直法测凸透镜焦距等。笔者根据现有的实际情况及实验条件，对大学物理中常用的两次成像法，选取在各种物屏像屏距离D值(D,4f)的情况下测量凸透镜焦距，并通过不确定度分析总结出在相同条件下，如何选取合适的物屏像屏距离才能测得较精确结果的结论。
1(透镜基本知识
透镜是由两个折射面所限定的透明体组成称为透镜，是光学仪器中最基本的光学元件。薄透镜是透镜中最基本的一种，其厚度较自身球面的曲率半径及焦距要小得多，厚度可忽略不计。薄透镜可分为凸透镜和凹透镜。其中心厚度大于边
[1]缘厚度的称为凸透镜，中心厚度小于边缘厚度的称为凹透镜。
焦距是光学系统中衡量光的聚集或发散的度量参数，指从透镜的光心到光聚集之焦点的距离，它是表征透镜成像性质的重要参数。
2. 测量值不确定度的意义
在物理测量中，测量的理想值是获得被测量在测量条件下的真值，但在实际的测量过程中由于实验方法、实验仪器和实验者操作技能等因素的影响，测量值只能是被测量的一个近似值，但它是在真实值附近的一个测量值范围内，测量不确定度就是评定此测量值范围的一个测量质量指标。若此量值范围越窄，即测量
