Reading One
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are bad on Reading Passage 1.
Bovids
The family of mammals called bovids belongs to the Artiodactyl class, which also includes giraffes. Bovids are highly diver group consisting of 137 species, some of which are man’s most important domestic animals.
Bovids are well reprented in most parts of Eurasia and Southeast Asian islands, but they are by far the most numerous and diver in the latter. Some species of bovid are solitary, but others live in large groups with complex social structures. Although bovids have adapted to a wide range of habitats, from arctic tundra to deep tropical forest, the majority of species favour open grassland, scrub or dert.
This diversity of habitat is also matched by great diversity in size and form: at one extreme is the royal antelope of West Africa, which stands a mere 25 cm at the shoulder; at the other, the massively built bisons of North America and Europe, growing to a shoulder height of 2.2m.
Despite differences in size and appearance, bovids are united by the posssion of certain common features. All species are ruminants, which me幼儿园中班教育笔记
ans that they retain undigested food in their stomachs, and regurgitate it as necessary. Bovids are almost exclusively herbivorous. Typically their teeth are highly modified for browsing and grazing: grass or foliage is cropped with the upper lip and lower incisors (the upper incisors are usually abnt), and then ground down by the cheek teeth. As well as ha朴树盆景
ving cloven, or split, hooves, the males of all bovid species and the females of most carry horns. Bovid horns have bony cores covered in a sheath of horny material that is constantly renewed from within; they are unbranched and never shed. They vary in shape and size: the relatively simple horns of a large Indian buffalo may measure around 4m from tip to tip along the outer curve, while the various gazelles have horns with a variety of elegant curves.
Five groups, or sub-families, may be distinguished: Bovinae, 电脑中病毒
Antelope, Caprinae, Cephalophinae and Antilocapridae. The sub-family Bovinae compris most of the larger bovids, including the African bongo, and nilgae, eland, bison and cattle. Unlike most other bovids they are all non-territorial. The ancestors of the various species of domestic cattle banteng, gaur, yak and water buffalo are generally rare and endangered in the wild, while the auroch (the ancestor of the domestic cattle of Europe) is
extinct.
The term ‘antelope’ is not a very preci zoological name - it is ud to looly describe a number of bovids that have followed different lines of development. Antelopes are typically long-legged，fast-running species, often with long horns that may be laid along the back when the animal is in full flight. There are two main sub-groups of antelope: Hippotraginae, which includes the oryx and the addax，and Antilopinae, which generally contains slighter and more graceful animals such as gazelle and the springbok. Antelopes are mainly grassland species, but many have adapted to flooded grasslands: pukus, waterbucks and lechwes are all good at swimming, usually feeding in deep water, while the sitatunga has long, splayed hooves that enable it to walk freely on swampy ground.
The sub-family 果冻和布丁的区别
Caprinae includes the sheep and the goat, together with various relatives such as the goral and the tahr. Most are woolly or have long hair. Several species, such as wild goats, chamois and ibex, are agile cliff — and mountain dwellers. Tolerance of extreme conditions is mos千里送鹅毛
t marked in this group: Barbary and bighorn sheep have adapted to arid derts, while Rocky Mountain sheep survive high up in mountains and musk oxen in arctic tundra.
The duiker of Africa belongs to the Cephalophinae sub-family. It is generally small and solitary, often living in thick forest. Although mainly feeding on grass and leaves, some duikers - unlike most other bovids - are believed to eat incts and feed on dead animal carcass, and even to kill small animals.
The pronghorn is the sole survivor of a New World sub-family of herbivorous ruminants, the Antilocapridae in North America. It is similar in appearance and habits to the Old World antelope. Although greatly reduced in numbers since the arrival of Europeans, and the subquent enclosure of grasslands, the pronghorn is still found in considerable numbers throughout North America, from Washington State to Mexico. When alarmed by the approach of wolves or other predators, hairs on the pronghorn’s rump stand erect, so showing and emphasising the white patch there. At this signal, the whole herd gallops off at speed of over 60 km per hour.
Choo the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
1In如何做粽子
which region is the biggest range of bovids to be found?
A Africa
B Eurasia
C North America
D South-east Asia
2Most bovids have a preference for living in
A isolation
B small groups
C tropical forest
D wide open spaces
3Which of the following features do all bovids have in common?
A Their horns are shot
B They have upper incisors
C They store food in the body
D Their hooves are undivided
Look at the following characteristics (Question 4-8) and the list of sub-families below. Match each characteristic with the correct sub-family, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 4-8 on your answer sheet.
NB You may u any letter more than once
4can endure very harsh environments
5includes the ox and the cow
6may supplement its diet with meat
7can usually move at speed
8does not defend a particular area of land
Question 9-13
Answer the questions below.
Choo NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet
9What is the smallest species of Bovid called?
10Which species of Bovinae has now died out?
11What facilitates the movement of the sitatunga over wetland?
12What sort of terrain do barbary sheep live in?
13 What is the only living member of the Antilocapridae sub-family?
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 14-26 which are bad on Reading Passage 2.
Photovoltaics on the rooftop
A natural choice for powering the family home
A In the past, urban hom男士图片头像
e owners have not always had much choice in the way electricity is supplied to their homes. Now, however, there is a choice, and a rapidly increasing number of houholds worldwide are choosing the solar energy option. Solar energy, the conversion of sunlight into energy, is made possible through the u of ‘photovoltaics’, which are simple appliances that fit onto the roof of a hou.
B The phot二阶魔方怎么复原
ovoltaics-powered home remains connected to the power lines, but no storage is required on-site, only a box of electronics (the inverter) to the interface between the photovoltaics and the grid network. Figure 1 illustrates the system. During the day, when the home may not be using much electricity, excess power from the solar array is fed back to the grid, to factories and offices that need
daytime power. At night, power flows the opposite way. The grid network effectively provides storage. If the demand for electricity is well matched to when the sun shines, solar energy is especially valuable. This occurs in places like California in the US and Japan, where air-conditioning loads for offices and factories are large but heating loads for homes are small.
C The first systematic exploration of the u of photovoltaics on homes began in the US during the 1970s. A well-conceived program started with the sitting of a number of residential experiment stations’ at lected locations around the country, reprenting different climatic zones. The stations contained a number of ‘dummy’hous, each with a different solar-energy system desi黑龙江艺术职业学院
gn. Homes within the communities clo to the stations were monitored to e how well their energy u matched the energy generated by the stations’ dummy roofs. A change in US government priorities in the early 1980s halted this program.
D With the US effort dropping away, the Japane Sunshine Project came to the fore. A large residential test station was installed on Rokko Island beginning in 1986. This installation consists of 18 ‘dummy’ homes. Each equipped with its own 2-5 kilowatt photovoltaic system (about 20 - 50 square meters for each system). Some of the simulated homes have their own electrical appliances inside,
