省略句
1.省略句的定义
省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略在
语言中,尤其在对话中,是一种十分普遍的现象。
2.词的省略
(1)省略介词
He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons. 他花了四个小时复习功课。
I’ve studied Eng1ish (for) five years.我已学五年英语了。
(2)省略连词that
I believe (that) you will succeed.我相信你们会成功的。
It’s a pity (that) he’s leaving.
他要走,真遗憾。
I’m sure (that) she will help you. 我肯定她会帮你的。
(3)省略关系代词
I’ll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都给你。
He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看过我昨天买的书了。
3.句子成分的省略
(1)省略主语
Beg your pardon. (我)请你原谅。(Beg前省略了主语I)
Take care! 当心!(Take前省略了主语you)
Looks as if it will rain. 看起来象要下雨。(Looks前省略了主语it)
(2)省略谓语
Who next? 该谁了?(Who后面省略了谓语comes)
The river was deep and the ice thin. (ice后面省略了was)
We’ll do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为。(can后面省略了动词do)
(3)省略表语
Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你准备好了吗?我准备好了。(am后面省略了ready)
He was a lover of sports as he had been in his youth. 他还是象年轻时那样,是一位运动爱好者。(had been后面省略了 a lover of sports)
(4)省略宾语
Let’s do the dishes. I’ll wash and you’97年的多大
ll dry.
让我们洗碗吧,我来洗,你来揩干。(wash和dry 后面省略了宾语dishes)
(5)省略定语
He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 那钱他花了部分,其余的他都存了起来。(the rest后面省略了定语of the money)
(6)省略状语
He was not hurt. Strange! 他没有受伤,真奇怪!(Strange前面省略了状语how)
4. 从句的省略
?名词性从句
1)名词性wh-从句中的省略现象。如果从句谓语与主句谓语相同,从句可省略全部谓语,甚
至主语也可省略,只保留一个wh-词。
She will go to Beijing, but I do n’t know when (she will go to Beijing).
她要去北京,但我不知道是什么时候。
She can’t come, but I don’t know why (she can’t come).
她不能来,但我不知为什么。
wh-从句若是被动结构,主谓语也可全部省略,只保留by+wh词。
The cup was broken by someone, but I wonder (the cup was broken) by whom.
这个杯子被某人打碎了,但我纳闷是被谁打碎的。
如果从句相同而wh-词不同,则可省略第一个从句而把两个wh-词连接起来。
I don’t know when (to meet him) and where to meet him.
我不清楚什么时间、什么地点见他。
2)在与表示命令、愿意、建议等相关的名词性从句中,常用should型虚拟,而从句谓语部分中的should常省略。
We require that he (should) tell us the truth.我们要求他告诉我们真相。
3)在句型“It i s necessary/surprising/suggested/natural /strange…+ that从句”中,从句通常用should型虚拟,而should常常可以省略。
Everyone thinks it is necessary that our rearch group(should)begin the experiment at once.每
个人都认为我们的研究小组立刻开始实验是必要的。
4)在宾语从句中,连词that常可省略。但如果有两个宾语从句,第二个宾语从句的that不能省;如果宾语从句和主句谓语之间有插入语时,that也不能省略。
I believe (that) you w诗歌散文
ill succeed.
我认为你会成功。
5)名词性从句的省略结构,即“wh- + to do sth.”
。通常这样的省略结构适应于从句的主语与
主句的主语一致的情况。
I don’t know what to do next.
我不知道下一步做什么。
How to deal with the matter has not been decided.如何处理这件事还没有定下来。
?形容词性从句(定语从句)中的省略
1)当关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时,常被省略。
Do you remember the place (which /that) we visited last year?
你记得我们去年参观的那个地方吗?
2)当先行词为way, direction等词时,其后面定语从句中的that, which, 或介词+which等常被省略。
Do you know the way (in which) work is measured?
你知道衡量工作的方式吗?
3)某些定语从句的省略结构,即“介词+ which/whom +不定式”
Can you find me a room in which to live?
你能给我找个住的房间吗?
He is a good person to whom to turn.
他是一个能向他求助的好人。
?
副词性从句(状语从句)的省略
状语从句的省略原则主要是:如果从句中的主语和主句中的主语一致,就可以经过一定的变动把状语从句中的主语和谓语的一部分或全部省略,从而使语言更加简洁、明了。
1)时间状语从句中的省略
注:as在引导时间状语从句时,没有这种省略现象。我们不可说As walking, she found a nice shining thing on the ground.
When (sh男生美甲
e was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano.
While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student. 我在上大学时就开始认识他,一个奇怪但有能力的学生。
When arriving, nd me a telegram. (When you arrive, nd me a telegram.)到达之后,来个电报。Before leaving, turn off all the lights. (Before you leave, turn off all the lights.)走之前,请关闭所有的灯。
Don’t come in until (you are) asked to. 不叫你请你不要进来。
Whenever (it is )possible, you should come and help. 不管什么时候只要有可能就来帮忙。
You should let us know the result as soon as(it is) possible. 你应尽快让我们知道结果。
2)地点状语从句中的省略
地点状语从句的省略常用下列结构:where(ver) possible, where(ver) necessary,
Lay the books where possible you can find them easily.把这些书放在你可能容易找到的地方。Put in articles wherever necessary in the following passages.在下列文中需要的地方填入冠词。
3)条件状语从句中的省略
常用的句型是:if necessary, if possible,婴儿驱蚊
if true, if anyone等。
如:
Send the goods now if (they are) ready. 货物如果准备好了,请送过来。
He will come if (he is) asked. 如果叫他来,他就来。
If (it is) necessary, ring me at home. 如果有可能,朝我家里打电话。
Come along with me if (it is) possible. 如果有可能和我一起去吧.。
If难忘的老师作文
(it is) true, this will casue us a lot of trouble. 如果是真的,这会给我们带来很多麻烦。
There are few people nowadays, if (there are) any, who remember him. 很少有人能记起他。
You should stay where you are, unless (you are) asked to leave. 你应呆在你现在的地方不动,
除非叫你动。
4)让步状语从句中的省略
He is a good man, though sometimes (he is) rather dull. 他真是个好人,尽管有时有点无聊。Even if (I am ) invited to, I won’t go to such a bad lecture.
即使邀我去,我都不想听如此坏的
报告。
5)比较状语从句中的省略
She can play the piano just as wonderfully as you (do). 她钢琴弹的我你弹的一样好。
She has finished the work earlier than (it has been ) expected. 她这项工作比预料的提前完成。
6)方式状语从句中的省略
as if/as though后还可加n./a./ad./介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式。
He acts as if (he were) a fool.
She talked to the stranger as if (she were) abnt-minded.
He opened the desk, as if (he was) in arch of something important.
The boy is running impatiently here and there as if (he is) arching for something lost on the sports ground.
The football player is rolling on the ground as if (he is) hurt badly in the leg.
He moved his lips as if (he wanted )to speak.
5.与不定式相关的省略
(1)通常为了避免重复,在联系密切的语境中,作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式只保留不定式
符号to。
----Will you come to have supper with me? —你来和我一起吃晚饭好吗?
----I’d like / love to (come to have supper with you). —
我愿意。
She went teaching becau she wanted to (go there).
她去教书,因为她想去。
Don’t touch anything unless your teacher tells you to.
除非你老师告诉你,否则不要触摸任何东家里的芦荟怎么美容
西。
(2)注意:如果不定式符号to后面是be时,要保留be。如果不定式用了完成式,要保留到
助动词have。
The city now is much noisier than it ud to be.
这个城市比过去喧闹多了。
---- It ems that he has known the truth. —看来他已经知道了事实。
---- Yes, he ems to have. —是的,看来他好像知道了。
的内容,to 也常可省。
(3)如果不定式作表语,用于解释“do”
What I did was (to) lay the table.
我所做的是摆桌子。
6.与特殊疑问句相关的省略
(1)特殊疑问句的回答形式有两种,一种是部分回答(即省略结构),一种是完全回答。
----What do you suggest? —你有什么建议?
----(I suggest )Going fishing on Sunday. —周日钓鱼。
(2)由固定词组引导的疑问句。
What about having a walk after supper?
饭后散步怎们样?
How come they left you alone here?
他们怎么会把你一个人留在这儿?
What if it rains?
倘若下雨怎么办?
Why not try again?
为什么不再试一次呢?
7.独立主格结构中的分词若为being或having been时,通常省去不用,意义不受影响。
The meeting (being) over, we all left the room.
会议结束了,我们都离开了房间。
All the tickets (having been) sold out, we had to go again the next day.
所有的票都卖完了,我们不得不第二天再去。
8.与助动词相关的省略
---- Do you enjoy reading novels? —你喜欢读小说吗?
---- Yes, I do. —是的,我喜欢。
【提醒】有时为了句意或时态的需要,要保留两个助动词。
---- Did he attend the meeting?
----No, but he should have. He was suppod to give a speech at the meeting.
—他参加那个会议了吗?
—没有,但他本来应该参加的。他应该在会上作报告。
常用来替代从句,形成一种别样的省略结构。
9. “so, not”
so用于替代肯定形式的从句,表示说话者赞同前述的事实,常和表示看法、意见等的动词
(think, believe, expect, suppo, imagine, guess, say, hope, fear)等连用。not用于替代否定形式的从句,表示说话者不赞同前述的事实。
【提醒】当表示说话者不赞同前述的事实时,也可用借助于上述动词的否定形式和so 连用,但afraid, fear, hope等不能用此形式。
----- I hope he will win. —我希望他会赢。
----- I hope so, too. —我也希望如此。
-----It will rain tomorrow. —明天会下雨。
—我不这样认为。
-----I believe not./ I don’t think so.