英美概况英国期末考试复习资料
I国家概述
1,The Union Jack
red cross: England
white saltire: Scotland
red saltire: Northern Ireland
2,This is the Welsh flag (Welsh Dragon). It is not reprented in the UK Flag becau
Wales was ruled directly from London.
(before the 1st version of UK flag, Wales had already been conquered and considered to be part of England) 3,Motto of the UK
God and my right. (English)
天有上帝，我有权利。
II climate
1,Does Britain have a favorable climate？Why？
Becau a maritime type of climate—winters are mild, not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot;
It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year;
It has a small range of temperature & lack of extremes.
2,What are the factors which influence the climate 肉炒菜椒
in Britain？
The surrounding waters balance the asonal differences;
Britain is mainly influenced by the prevailing south-west winds across the
Atlantic, which bring warm and wet air in winter and keep the temperature moderate;
The North Atlantic Drift pass the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.
III History of Britain
Early Settlers (5000BC-55BC)
1, How about their civilization? (What did they bring with them?)
a) The art of pottery making
b) The ability to fashion (ornament with patterns) bronze
tools
c) The custom of individual burial
d) The hill forts (堡垒) and small fortified towns (筑堡城
镇).
The Maiden Castle is one of the finest examples.
2, What was their religion?
Druidism（德鲁伊德教），the Druids—the wi men,
astrologers, soothsayers
IV Transition to Modern Age (1455-1688)
1,What happened during the 17th century?
During the 17th century Puritanism became a political movement: the parliamentarians who fought Charles I and took power under Cromwell were Puritans, and the struggle between the king and parliament is also known as the Puritan Revolution. 2,What el were the Puritans called?
After the Restoration of 1660 the Puritans left the Church, and from then on were known as Disnters or Nonconformists. 3．The conquences of the Civil Wars
(1) the English Civil Wars not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of feudal rule in Europe.
(2) It is generally re送给老师的祝福语
garded as the beginning of modern world history.
(3) The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution, as the King’s opponents were mainly Puritan.
4,How did the “Glorious Revolution”break out?
A. James II’s revival of Catholicism in England
a. When Charles II died, his brother succeeded, becoming James II.
b. James,方位图
who was brought up in exile in Europe, was a
Catholic.
c. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views.
B. Intolerance of Catholic and dethrone of the King
a. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic as king in 1688 than 40 years ago.
b. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king.
C. Co-monarchs
a. William of Orange（奥兰治王室）, James’s Dutch nephew a脆皮炸鸡
nd husband of Mary, James’s daughter, was invited to invade and take the English throne.
b. William and Mary were invited for joint rule, and they jointly accepted the Bill of Rights.
D. the takeover with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the King, therefore became known as the Glorious Revolution. 5,The Bill of Rights 《权⼒法案》
In 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly.
(1) The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession
(2) confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy
(3) and guaranteed free speech within both the two Hous.
(4) Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.
V.Judiciary(Headed by Lord Chancellor)
VI Economy
1,Economic decline
two World Wars—great economic loss
the era of the British Empire was over—decolonization (loss of raw material & market)
military expen (until the process of decolonization completed in the 1960s)
2,Current British Economy
the world's fifth largest economy
(after US, Japan, Germany and China)
The UK's people are the world's twelfth richest Sterling—performed relatively well against major currencies in recent years 五，福利
六，宗教
1，Who is the founder of Christianity?
Jesus Christ, who was crucified around A.D. 30 in Jerusalem, is the founder of Christianity.
2，Who is Jesus Christ?
Jesus Christ is the Son of God. He came to earth to teach
about love and fellowship. He reprents the person that all Christians must strive to be.
Jesus was a Jew who was born about 2000 years ago in Bethlehem(1.伯利恒(耶路撒泠南⽅六英⾥⼀市镇，耶稣诞⽣地)). Jesus lived for 有床戏的电视剧
33 years before being crucified by the Romans. 3,What other names is Jesus known by?
Son of God
Light of the World
Lamb of God
The Good Shepherd.
4,What do Christians believe?
Christians believe that Jesus Christ was the Son of God and that:
God nt his Son to earth to save humanity from the conquences of its sins
Jesus was fully human, and experienced this world in the same way as other human beings of his ti
me
Jesus was tortured and gave his life on the Cross (At the Crucifixion)
Jesus ro from the dead on the third day after his Crucifix母亲散文
ion (the Resurrection)
Christians believe that Jesus was the Messiah promid in the
Old Testament
Christians believe that there is only one God, but that this one God consists of 3 "persons"
七，教育，假期
1，Christmas
→the biggest and the most popular British holiday celebrated on December 25th.
→to commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ.
→People usually decorate homes with evergreen plants, Christmas trees and ornaments.
→They exchange gifts and Christmas cards.
⼋，⽣活
1，Holidays and Festivals in Britain
the Christmas 'pantomime
Boxing Day
to hear the Queen give her Christmas message
九，政治
1，What's the role of the Queen or King?
The head of everything but ruler of nothing.
head of the state
an integral part of the legislature
head of the executive
head of the judiciary
the commander-in-chief of all armed forces of the Crown
the ‘supreme Governor’of the Church of England.
2，The importance of the monarchy:
Is found in its effect on public attitude
Is ud to reprent the continuity and adaptability of the whole political system
Is ud as a symbol of the unity of the whole country, an acceptable bound among the peoples who retain many regional and cultural differences.
People are convinced that the Queen has no bias towards any nation and exists to help prerve the people's rights, the right to personal property and the right not to be imprisoned without a trial.
It is primarily to symbolize the tradition and unity of the British state.
3 .What's your idea about UK keeping the monarch?
A.Theoretically, the King or Que中国梦诗歌
en is the source of all government powers. He/She is the head of the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all armed forces.
B,In reality, the King or Queen does everything on the advice of the Prime Minister, and his/her role is symbolic, ceremonial, and not political.
C,The monarch is the personal embodiment of the British government and a symbol of British unity, reprenting the continuity of the whole political system. So the stability of the D,British government owes much to the monarchy.
E,The monarch can meet the PM on weekly basis at Buckingham Palace, give the Royal Asnt to any new law that has been pasd by Parliament, act as a final check on a government that is becoming dictatorial.
F，As a figurehead to reprent the country, the monarch can perform the following ceremonial duties:
paying state visits to Commonwealth
countries as head of state and non-
Commonwealth countries on behalf of the
British government, etc.
⼗，议会
1，What are the main functions of Parliament?
to pass laws
to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government
to scrutini government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure
to debate the major issues of the day
2，the Hou of Lords: the upper hou上议院
the Lords Spiritual (the nior bishops of the Church of England 神职议员)
the Lords Temporal (members of the Peerage ⾮神职议员)
the members are not elected by the population at large but are appointed by past or current governments.
3，the Hou of Commons: the lower hou下议院
a democratically elected chamber with elections held at least every 5 years
MPs comes from 646 constituencies of roughly equal population.
4,What Goes on in the Hou of Commons?
Many hours are spent debating issues of national and international importance.
Most often a motion is propod by one or two of the
Government’s front benchers and then the same number of persons from the Opposition front benches oppo it.
The Speaker decides who is allowed to speak and he/she must ensure that each side is given equal
opportunity and time to speak.
After the debate the MPs vote for or against the motion. MPs vote by going into ‘lobbies’, one for ‘yes’and one for ‘no’votes where they are counted.
After the votes are counted the results are announced in the chamber.
⼗⼀政体
1，
2，The Political Parties
(1) the Conrvative party
(2) the Labour party
(3) the Liberal Democrats
3，The Prime Minister
is appointed by the Queen.
is the leader of his party in the Hou of Commons
is the head of government
has the right to lect his cabinet, hand out departmental positions, decide the agenda for cabinet meetings which he also chairs.
can dismiss ministers if this is required
keeps the Queen informed 拖延的近义词
of government decisions
he exercis wide powers of appointments in the civil rvice, church and judiciary .
4,What is the Cabinet?
The collective decision-making (executive) body, compod of the Prime Minister and the most nior of the government ministers
The most nior members of the Cabinet are:
