非谓语动词补充材料
1.不定式的构成
不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成,在某些情况下to也可省略。不定式一般有时态和语态的变化,通常有下表中的几种形式(以do为例):
| 主动式 | 被动式 |
一般式 | to do | to be done |
完成式 | to have done | to have been done |
进行式 | to be doing | / |
完成进行式 | to have been doing | / |
| | |
1)不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。如: They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。
2)不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语,有时也可作主语、定语等。如:
She emed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.
我本来想告诉你这件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.
对我来说,在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。
3) 不定式的进行式
不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如:
It’s nice of you to be helping us the days. 你真好,这些天一直帮我们。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假装在认真地听老师讲课。
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我们没料到你一直在这儿等我
4) 不定式的完成进行式
如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作,就需要用完成进行式。如:
They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 据说他们已经在西藏工作20年了。
We are happy to have been helping each other the days. 我们很高兴这些天能互相帮助。
5) 动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。如:
Try not to be late again next time. 尽量下次不要再迟到。
He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我们永远不要再见到她。
6) 疑问词+动词不定式:
不定式和疑问词whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用,通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advi, teach, discuss, find out等动词后面作宾语,有时也可以充当主语、表语等。如:
On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
听到这个消息,他不知道该哭还是该笑。
When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么时候开会还没有决定。
The most important problem is how to get so much money.
最重要的事情是如何搞到这么多钱。
介词后一般不直接接不定式,但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。如:
Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道该怎么做。
但是but和except后面可以跟不定式。如:
He did nothing but wander on the street. 他除了在街上闲逛外,没有做什么。
I have no choice but to wait. 我除了等待以外别无其他选择。
7) 不定式的被动式:
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式,to be +过去分词和to have been +过去分词。这些形式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。如:
It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher.
对他来说,被老师责备是一件好事。
They emed to be satisfied with the result. 他们似乎对结果很满意。
He asked to be nt to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往农村工作。巧克力蛋糕图片
She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting.
她是会上最后一个被提到的人。
I had to shout to be heard. 我不得不大喊才能被听到。
We don’t like our friends to be laughed at from time to time.
我们不喜欢我们的朋友不时地被嘲笑。
二. 不定式不带to的规则:
前面我们已经谈到,在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时,不定式符号to常常省略,下面还有几种情况请大家注意:
1动词原形come, go等在口语中可接不带to的不定式。如:
Go tell her. 去告诉他。
Come have a glass. 来喝一杯。
2在why引起的一些疑问句中,疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。如:
Why spend so much money? 为什么花这么多钱?
Why not let her have a try? 为什么不再让她试一试?
3在had better(还是……最好), had best(最好,顶好), would rather(宁可,宁愿), would rather…than(宁可……而不……), would sooner(宁可,宁愿), would sooner…than(宁可……而不……), cannot but(不得不,必然), cannot choo but(只得), cannot help but(不得不)等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。如:
You’d better listen to your teacher’s opinion. 你最好听一听老师的看法。
I would rather work than stay idle. 我宁愿工作而不愿闲坐。
Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.
他宁愿挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。
Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender. 刘胡兰宁死不屈。
One’s world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and孕妇吃什么坚果好
does.
一个人的世界观必然在他的言行中表现出来。
4在介词but, except之前如有动词do的任一形式,其后的动词不定式不用to。如:
Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨晚上我除了修理农具外,没有做其它的事情。
Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 现在他只有认输。
如but 之前没有do,其后的不定式则一般要加to。如:
I’m afraid we have no choice b好家风
ut to take a taxi. 恐怕我们别无选择,只好乘出租车了。
They desired nothing but to succeed. 他们只想成功。
⑤在出现并列的动词不定式时,为了避免重复,后面的不定式符号to可省略。如:
I really don’t know what to say and do. 我真的不知道该说什么,该干什么。
Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:?
你能不能帮我打电话给他,叫他下午两点来开会?
但如果两个不定式有对比的意思,则不定式符号to不可被省去。如:
I came not to scold you but to prai you. 我是来夸你的,不是来骂你的。
The purpo of the new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.