1.Mutual exclusivity bias It is a cognitive constraint which refers to the fact that a child who knows the name of a particular object will then generally reject applying a cond name to that object.
2. Mothere Adult-to-child language, which has been called mothere, differ in a number of ways from adult-to-adult language. In general,电视剧观后感
speech to children learning language is shorter, more concrete, more directive, and more intonationally exaggerated than adult-directed speech.
3. Critical period hypothesis The view that there is a period early in life in which we are especially prepared to acquire a language is referred to as the critical period hypothesis. Many investigators who favor the critical period hypothesis suggest that there are neurological changes in the brain that leave a learner less able to acquire a language, although the nature of the suppod changes is not well understood. Most commonly, the changes are assumed to occur near puberty.
4. Language bioprogram hypothesis On version of how innate process operate in child
language has been called the Language bioprogram hypothesis by Bickerton. Bickerton’s claim, in brief, is that we, as children, have an innate grammar that is available biological if our language input is insufficient to acquire the language of our community. It is something like a linguistic backup system.
5. Pidgin A pidgin is “an auxiliary language that aris when speakers of veral mutually unintelligible languages are in clo contact〞. Typically this occurs when workers from diver countries are brought in as cheap labor in an agricultural community. Immigrant workers come to speak a simpler form of the dominant language of the area—just enough to get by.
6. Language transfer In cond-language acquisition, the process in which the first language influences the acquisition of a subquent language.
7. Overregularization An overregularization is the child’s u of a regular morpheme in a word that is irregular, such as the past-ten morpheme in br鼠和牛合不合
eaked and goed. There are two theories about how children acquire overregularizations: the rule-and-memory model
and the parallel distributed processing model.
8. Holophra A holophra has been defined as a single-word utterance that is ud by a child to express more than the meaning usually attributed to that single word by adults.
9. Idiomorph A sound or sound quence ud consistently by a child to refer to someone or something, objects or events in their environment even though it is not the sound quence conventionally ud in the language for that purpo.
10. Coalescence Coalescence occurs when phonemes from different syllables are combined into a single syllable.
11. Reduction A phonological process in child language in which one or more phonemes are deleted. Also called cluster reduction becau consonant clusters are often reduced, such as saying take for steak.
12. Assimilation Assimilation is a phonological process. Assimilation occurs when children change one sound to make it similar to another sound in the same word, such as
saying nance for dance or fweet for sweet. In the latter ca, the f is articulated clor to the front of the mouth than s, making it more similar to the bilabial w.
13. Common ground Common ground refers to the shared understanding of tho involved in the conversation. For knowledge to qua生日祝福大全
lify as common ground, person A must know a given information X, and person B must know X, and A must know that B knows, and B knows that A knows, and so on. That is, both parties are aware that they share the information.
14. Semantic bootstrapping The process of using mantics to acquire syntax. (Ultimately children must grasp categories that are defined in syntactic terms, and there has been much debate concerning
how they do this. One suggestion is that they u their knowledge of mantic
relations to learn syntactic relations. This process is known as mantic bootstrapping )
15. Accommodation A phonological process in which elements that are shifted or deleted are adapted to their error-induced environments.
16. Incremental processing The notion that we are planning one portion of our utteran自卑的原因
ce as we articulate another portion.
17. Speech errors =slip of tongue Speech errors refer to faults made by speakers during the production o海军工程大学分数线
f sounds, words and ntences. Both native and non-native speakers of a language make mistakes when speaking. There are eight types of speech errors: exchange, substitution, addition, deletion, anticipation, perveration, blend, and shift.
