中英对照培根《论学习》OF STUDY王佐良先生翻译

2024年1月24日发(作者：卜少夫)

OF STUDY

STUDIES rve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief u for delight,

is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discour; and for ability, is in the

judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge

of particulars, one by one; but the general counls, and the plots and marshalling of

affairs, come best, from tho that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is

sloth; to u them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by

their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by

experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning, by study;

and studies themlves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be

bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and

wi men u them; for they teach not their own u; but that is a wisdom without

them, and above them, won by obrvation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to

believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discour; but to weigh and consider.

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and

digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not

curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some

books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that

would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, el

distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full

man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write

little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a prent

wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to em to know, that he

doth not. Histories make men wi; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural

philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in

mores. Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit

studies; like as dias of the body, may have appropriate exercis. Bowling is good

for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the

stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him

study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little,

he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him

study the Schoolmen; for they are cymini ctores. If he be not apt to beat over

matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study 197 the

lawyers' cas. So every defect of the mind, may have a special receipt.

读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。（王佐良先生译）