过去分词

2024年1月12日发(作者：高鹏)

过去分词

1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子的主语是被动关系，表示主语的状态，不但表示被动，还强调已完成了。 The cup is broken. 茶杯破了。

2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子的主语是主动关系，表示主语的状态，同样强调动作的完成。 He is retired. 他已退休。

3. 有些过去分词作表语时，构成的谓语很接近被动结构。

动词过去式与过去分词的区别简单来说，过去式就是发生在过去的事，而过去分词是发生了还对现阶段造成影响的事。

常见结构

动词原形加-ed

构成规则

构成

1．规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：

(1)一般动词，在词尾直接加“-ed ”。（然而要注意的是，过去分词并不是过去式）

work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited

(2)以不发音的“e”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“d ”。

live---lived---lived

(3)以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“-ed”。

study—studied—studied,cry—cried—cried,try—tried—tried,fry—fried—fried.[1]

(4)重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母（r、y、x除外），先双写该辅音字母，再加“-ed”。

stop—stopped—stopped,drop—dropped—dropped

* 特例：有两类动词本身应该直接加“ed”，但由于历史习惯，依旧要双写最后一个字母，再加“ed”。以“元音字母+l”非重读结尾的规则动词变过去分词也要双写“l",再加“ed”。例如cancel→cancelled，dial→dialled。另外还有一些以非重读闭音节结尾的规则动词变过去分词也要双写最后一个辅音字母,再加“ed”。例如：kidnap→kidnapped，worship→worshipped。而上述两种情况在美国一般却直接加“ed”。


(5)以c结尾的动词，要变c为ck，再加“-ed”。

picnic→picnicked，traffic→trafficked

* 注：这样做主要是为了避免变化后其原型尾音/k/变成/s/。根据英文的拼写规则，c在字母e、i、y之前均发/s/，其他情况下均发/k/。如果直接加“ed”的话，trafficed将会读成/'træfɪsɪd/，而不读/'træfɪkt/。


2 、不规则动词，见不规则表

作表语

The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山。

【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：过去分词作表语，主要是表示主语的状态，而被动语态则表示动作。

(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。(是被动语态，表示动作)

(2) The library is now clod. 图书馆关门了。(过去分词作表语)

【注意】过去分词表示被动和完成，V-ing 形式表示主动和进行.有些动词如

interest,bore,worry,surpri,frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人，用 -ing 形式来修饰物.。

(3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣，我对它很感兴趣。

作定语

作定语的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语，既表被动又表完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表完成。

1． 过去分词用作定语，如果是单个的，常置于其所修饰的名词之前。

We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。

2． 过去分词短语用作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁，多用于书面语中。

The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。

3．过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。

The meeting,attended by over five thousand people,welcomed the great hero.

他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人。

4． 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。

The boy looked up with a plead satisfied expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。

作状语

1． 过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作。

(1) Written in a hurry,this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。

【注意】written 为过去分词作状语，表示这篇文章是被写的，而且已经被写. 值得注意的是，有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有： lost (迷路); ated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in

(沉溺于); born (出身于); dresd in (穿着); tired of (厌烦)。

(2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought,he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。

2． 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语，此时应注意人称一致；

(1) Given another hour,I can also work out this problem.

再给我一个小时，我也能解这道题.(given 为过去分词作状语，它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I,即 I 被再给一个小时。)

(2)Seen from the top of the hill,the city looks more beautiful to us.

从山顶看城市，城市显得更漂亮。(en 为过去分词作状语，表"被看",由语境可知，它的逻辑主语必须是城市，而不是"我们",因为"我们"应主动看城市。)

【注意】如果过去分词作状语时，前面再加逻辑主语，主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语，这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构。

(1) The signal given,the bus started. 信号一发出，汽车就开动了。(the signal 是

given 的逻辑主语，因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语。

(2) Her head held high,she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去。(her head

是 held high 的逻辑主语，因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语。)

3． 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句.

(1) Caught in a heavy rain,he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。

(caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语，它来源于原因状语从句Becau

he was caught in a heavy rain.)

(2)_Grown in rich soil,the eds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。( grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句 。If

the eds are grown in rich soil.

【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语。

When given a medical examination,you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。

4． 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语，后面有逗号与主句隔开；也可放在主句后面，前面有逗号与主句隔开。

He stood there silently,moved to tears. = Moved to tears,he stood there silently.

他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。

作宾语补足语

(一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类：

1． 表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如：e,watch,obrve,look at,hear,listen

to,feel,notice,think等。

(1) I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard;)

(2) He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大。(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found)

2． 表示"致使"意义的动词.如：have,make,get,keep,leave等。

(1) I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发。

(2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。

(3) Don't leave tho things undone. 要把那些事情做完。

3． 表示思维活动的动词如consider，know，think等后。如：

(1) I consider the matter ttled. 我认为这件事解决了。

(2) I thought mylf wronged somehow in the bargain. 我认为自己在这场交易中又受愚弄了。

4． 表示爱憎,意愿的动词如want， wish， like， hate等后。如：

(1) I wanted two tickets rerved. 我要预定两张机票。

(2) He didn’t wish it mentioned. 他不愿这事被提起。

【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。

(二)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况。

1． 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成。

He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了。(被别人偷去了)

2． 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如： He had his leg broken.他的腿断了。 (自己的经历)

其他

with +宾语+过去分词

此结构中，过去分词用作介词with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间，方式，条件，原因等状语。

(1) The murderer was brought in,with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了，他的双手被绑在背后。(表方式)

(2) With water heated,we can e the steam. 水一被加热，我们就会看到水蒸气。(表条件)

(3) With the matter ttled,we all went home. 事情得到解决，我们都回家了。(表原因)

(4)_She stood in front of him,with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前，眼睛注视着他。

(5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raid. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿。

不规则变化

AAA型

即原形、过去式和过去分词三者都相同。（共9个）

cost—cost—cost cut—cut—cut hit—hit—hit hurt—hurt—hurt let—let—let

put—put—put read—read—read(read的原形和过去式、过去分词 读音不同[2]

t-t-t shut-shut-shut

ABB型

过去式、过去分词相同。（共42个）

1．过去式和过去分词都含有 -ought。（4个）

bring—brought—brought

buy—bought—bought

think—thought—thought

fight—fought—fought

2．词尾有-ild，-end时，只需把d变为t。（4个）

build—built—built

lend—lent— lent

nd—nt—nt

spend—spent— spent

3．过去式、过去分词都含有 -aught。（2个）

catch—caught—caught

teach—taught—taught

4．把-eep、-eel变为-ept、-elt。（4个）

keep—kept—kept

)

sleep—slept—slept

sweep— swept—swept

feel—felt— felt

5．把-ell变为-old。（2个）

tell—told—told

ll—sold—sold

6．把-ell、-ill变为-elt或-ilt。（3个）

smell—smelt—smelt

spell—spelt—spelt

spill—spilt—spilt

7．把-eed、-ead、-eet变为-ed或-et。（4个）

feed—fed—fed

lead—led—led

speed—sped—sped

meet—met—met

8．过去式、过去分词都在原形词尾加t。（5个）

learn—learnt—learnt

mean—meant—meant

spoil—spoilt—spoilt

burn—burnt—burnt

dream—dreamt—dreamt

9．过去式、过去分词词尾去y变-id（4个）

say—said—said

pay—paid—paid

lay—laid—laid

hear—heard—heard

10．改变元音字母。（12个）

meet—met—met

feed—fed—fed

get—got—got

sit—sat—sat

find—found—found

hold—held—held

spit—spat—spat

shine—shone—shone

win—won—won

hang—hung—hung

dig— dug—dug

lo—lost—lost

11．改变辅音字母。（4个）

make—made—made

build—built—built

nd—nt—nt

spend—spent—spent

12．改变元、辅音字母。（4个）

leave—left—left

stand—stood—stood

have/has—had—had

understand—understood—understood

ABC型

原形、过去式、过去分词都不相同。（共39个）

1．i—a—u变化。（7个）

begin—began—begun

drink—drank—drunk

sing— sang—sung

ring—rang—rung

swim—swam—swum

sink— sank—sunk

spring—sprang—sprung

2．词尾为-ow，-aw时，过去式将其变为-ew，过去分词在其原形后加n。（5个）

blow—blew—blown

draw—drew—drawn

grow— grew—grown

know—knew—known

throw—threw—thrown（show除外）

3．词尾为“i+辅（1个）+e”，过去式将i变为o，过去分词多在原形后加n，若那个辅音字母为d或t，须双写d或t后加n。（4个）（give，hide除外）

drive—drove—driven

write—wrote—written

ride— rode—ridden

ri—ro—rin

4．过去分词在过去式后加n。（3个）

wake—woke—woken

speak-spoke-spoken

steal-stole-stolen

5．过去分词由过去式加-ten构成。（2个）

get-got-gotten/got

forget—forgot—forgotten

6．过去分词由原形加（e）n构成。（6个）

be—was（were）—been

eat—ate—eaten

fall—fell—fallen

give—gave—given

e—saw—en

hide—hid—hidden（hid）

7．词尾为-ake时，过去式将其变为-ook，过去分词在原形词后加-n。（2个）

take—took—taken

mistake—mistook—mistaken

8．原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同。（6个）

do—did—done

fly—flew—flown

go—went—gone

lie—lay—lain

show—showed—shown

wear—wore—worn

9．词尾为-eak时，过去式将其变为-oke，过去分词在过去式后加-n。（2个）

break—broke—broken

speak—spoke—spoken

10．词中间为“oo+辅（1个）+e”或“ee+辅（1个）+e”，过去式将oo、ee变为o，过去分词在过去式后加-n。（2个）

choo—cho—chon

freeze—froze—frozen

AAB型

过去式和原形相同。（1个）

beat—beat—beaten

ABA型

过去分词和原形相同。（共3个）

1.词中间为“o+辅+e”时，过去式将o变为a。（2个）

come—came—come

become—became—become

2.u—a—u变化。（1个）

run— ran—run

情态动词型

(除must)

只有原形和过去式，没有过去分词。（共4个）

can—could may—might will—would shall—should must 既没有过去式也没有过去分词

常用过去分词

begin（开始） began begun

drink（喝） drank drunk

ring（铃响） rang rung

sing （唱） sang sung

swim（游泳） swam swum

blow（吹） blew blown

draw（画） drew drawn

fly（飞） flew flown

grow（生长） grew grown

know（知道） knew known

throw（投掷） threw thrown

show（出示） showed shown

break（打破） broke broken

choo（选择） cho chon

forget（忘记） forgot forgotten (forgot)

speak（说，讲） spoke spoken

wake（醒） woke woken

drive（驾驶） drove driven

eat（吃） ate eaten

fall（落下） fell fallen

give（给） gave given

ri（升高） ro rin

take（取） took taken

ride（骑） rode ridden

write（写） wrote written

do（做） did done

go（去） went gone

lie（平躺） lay lain

e（看见） saw en

wear （穿） wore worn

不规则的动词

cost（花费）cost cost

cut（割） cut cut

hit（打） hit hit

hurt（伤害） hurt hurt

let（让） let let

put（放） put put

read（读） read read

其他特殊情况

动词原形 过去式 过去分词[2]

ari aro arin

awake awoke/awaked awoken

be was/were been

bear bore borne(携带)/born(出生)

beat beat beaten

become became become

begin began begun

befall befell befallen

bend bent bent

bet bet bet

bind bound bound

bite bit bitten/bit

bleed bled bled

blend blended blent

bless blesd blest

blow blew blown

break broke broken

breed bred bred

bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast/broadcasted broadcast/broadcasted

build built built

burn burnt/burned burnt/burned

burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught

choo cho chon

cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft

cling clung clung

clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad

come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

crow crowed/crew crowed

cut cut cut

dare dared/durst dared

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

dwell dwelt dwelt

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown

forbid forbade/forbad forbidden

forecast forecast/forecasted forecast/forecasted

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

freeze froze frozen

gainsay gainsaid gainsaid

get got gotten

gild gilded/gilt gilded

gird girded/girt girded/girt

give gave given

go went gone

grave graved graven/graved

grind ground ground

grow grew grown

hang hung/hanged hung/hanged

have had had

hear heard heard

heave heaved/hove hesved/hove

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

know knew known

lade laded laden

lay laid laid

lead led led

lean leant/leaned leant/leaned

leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped

learn learnt/learned learnt/learned

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie(躺) lay lain

lie(撒谎) lied lied

light lit/lighted lit/lighted

lo lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

melt melted meited/molten

mistake mistook mistaken

misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood

outgrow outgrew outgrown

overcome overcame overcome

overe oversaw overen

pay paid paid

prove proved proved/proven

put put put

quit quitted/quit quitted/quit

read read read

rend rent rent

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

ri ro rin

rive rived riven/rived

run ran run

saw sawed sawn/sawed

say said said

e saw en

ek sought sought

ll sold sold

nd nt nt

t t t

w wed wn/wed

shake shook shaken

shave shaved shaved/shaven

shear sheared sheared/shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone

shoe shod shod

shoot shot shot

show showed shown/showed

shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk/shrunken

shrive shrove/shrived shriven/shrived

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken

sit sat sat

slay slew slain

sleep slept slept

slide slid slid

sling slung slung

slink slunk slunk

slit slit slit

smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sown/sowed

speak spoke spoken

speed sped/speeded sped/speeded

spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled

spend spent spent

spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled

spin spun/span spun

spit spat/spit spat/spit

spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled

spread spread spread

spring sprang/sprung sprung

stand stood stood

stave staved/stove staved/stove

steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept

swell swelled swollen/swelled

swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

tell told told

think thought thought

throw threw thrown

thrust thrust thrust

tread trod trodden/trod

upt upt upt

wake woke/waked woken/waked

wear wore worn

weave wove woven

weep wept wept

win won won

wind wound wound

work worked/wrought worked/wrought

wring wrung wrung

write wrote written