完成时态构成及区别

现在和过去完成时的区别

一、从结构上区别

现在完成时：主语 + have / has + 过去分词 肯定式

主语 + have / has + not + 过去分词 否定式

Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词 疑问式

过去完成时：主语 + had + 过去分词 肯定式

主语 +had + not + 过去分词 否定式

Had + 主语 + 过去分词 疑问式

二从时间状语区别

现在完成时: 常用的时间状语包括 “now, today, tonight, this week, this year, already, yet,

just, recently…etc”;

过去完成时: 常用的时间状语包括 “by, at, before等构成的短语”;

注意：当表示一段时间,现在完成时和过去完成时都可以用for 或since引导的状语;

例如：Have you had your lunch yet 你吃午饭了吗

Yes, I have . I’ve just had it. 是的,我刚吃完;

I have had a clock now. 我现在有一个闹钟了;

Have you already posted the photos 你把照片寄走了吗

The meeting had begun when we got there. 我们到那儿时,会议已经开始了;

We had learned about 5000English words by the end of last term.

到上学期末我们已经学了5000个英语单词;

They had done the work at five o’clock. 在五点钟的时候他们已经完成了那项工作;

I’ve known Li Lei for three years. 我认识李蕾已经三年了;

I have worked here since ten years ago. 自从十年前我就在这工作;

We had not heard from him since we left here. 自从我们离开以来一直没有收到他的来信;

They had then been without sleep for twenty-four hours.这时他们已经有24个小时没有合

眼了;

三使用时注意事项

使用现在完成时应该注意：

1.“ have/ has got ”形式上是一种完成时,但和have/ has 为同一意义,即 “有”;

例如：Have you got a pen-friend 你有笔友吗

Yes, I have. 是的,我有;

Has he got a lot of work to do 他有许多工作要做吗

No, he hasn’t. 不,他没有;

2. have/ has gone to 与 have/has been to 的区别

have/ has gone to 强调“去而未归”； have/ has been to 强调“去而归还”; have/ has

been to常和once, twice, never, ever连用； have/ has gone to则不可;例如：

— Have Jack ever been to Beijing 杰克去过北京吗

— Yes, he’s been there veral times. 是的,他去过好几次了;

— Where have Mary and Tom gone 玛丽和汤姆去哪里了

— They’ve gone to London. 他们去伦敦了;

3.非延续性动词不能用于“现在完成时 + 表示一段时间的状语”的句型中;

这类动词有：come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等;但它们能够

用表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的终止性动词;例如：

arrive, come → be here, be in

begin, start → be on

buy → have

die → be dead

fall asleepill → be asleep ill

finish, end → be over

get to know → know

get up → be up

go out → be out

join → be in , be a + 名词

leave, move → be away, be out of

使用过去完成时应该注意：

如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时;例如：

When she came into the room, she found them sitting together singing.

她进屋时看见他们坐在一起唱歌;

After we said good-bye to our friends, we left the village.

在和朋友告别之后我们就离开村子;

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总结：

现在完成时着眼于现在,强调过去发生的某动作对现在造成的影响和结果,或是由过去持续

到现在的动作;

I have cleaned the classroom .强调扫地所产生的结果：地干净了

We have lived here for ten years.“住”从过去持续到现在的动作用现在完成时

We have lived here since we came here.“住”是从过去持续到现在的动作用现在完成时

过去完成时则主要体现过去发生的两动作的先后有别,表达的是“过去的过去”,即比过去发生

的某动作都还要“过去”,两动作中先发生的就用过去完成时,后发生的则只用一般过去时;运

用过去完成时的句子往往有两过去的时间或动作,一定要注意这点哟

Mr Green had lived in New York for ten years before he came to China."来”中国已过去,而

先前“住”在纽约更过去另外注意：“住”在纽约可没有持续到现在哟

We had learned 1000 words by the end of last term.

“上期期末”已过去,而是在其前“学”的就更过去了

现在完成进行时和现在完成时

1现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果,但前者所表示的结果是直

接的,而后者所表示的则是最后的结果;如：

We have been cleaning the classroom．a

We have cleaned the classroom．b

a句可译为“我们打扫教室来着;”其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰;b句可以译为“我们把

教室打扫过了;”其结果是：现在教室很清洁,可以用了;又,a句表示教室刚刚打扫过,b句则可

能表示教室是昨天打扫的;

Be careful John has been painting the door．a

John has painted the door．b

a句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过,现在油漆还未干,所以你要小心;b句则无此含义,油漆可能已干

了;

4现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复,现在完成时则常常不带重复性;如：

Have you been meeting her latelya

Have you met her latelyb

a句有“经常相会”之意,b句则没有;b句如与often,every day等时间状语连用,当然也表示动

作在重复;

5现在完成进行时比较生动,有时含有明显的感情色彩,而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实,一

种影响或结果,平铺直叙,没有什么感情色彩可言;如：

What have you been doinga

What have you doneb

a句表示惊异;b句只是一个问题;

Have you been waiting longa

Have you waited longb

a句较b句生动;又,a句比较口语化;

I have been wanting to meet you for long．a

I have long wanted to meet you．b

a句比b句更亲切,更有礼貌;

Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly．a

Recently Mary has done her work regularly．b

a句显然是在表扬玛丽;b只说明一个事实;

下面还有一例,颇为有趣:

Who's been eating my applesa

Who's eaten my applesb

a句有强烈的感情色彩,表示愤怒不满,b句只是希望回答的一个问题;又,a句兼有进行时态,

所以有“苹果未被全部吃光”的意思,b句是完成时态,说明“苹果一个不剩了”;

过去完成进行时和过去完成进行时

过去完成进行时是由"had been + 现在分词"构成;

She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.

她在考试之前一直患重感冒;

Had they been expecting the news for some time

他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧

Rafael was scolded even though he hadn't been doing anything wrong.

尽管拉斐尔没做什么错事,但他还是挨骂了;

下面,我们来学习一下它的用法;

过去完成进行时的用法

①表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作;

过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始,一直延续到这一过去时间;和过去完成时一样,过

去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提;

I had been looking for it for days before I found it.

这东西我找了好多天才找着的;

They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.

他们只等了一会儿车就来了;

②表示反复的动作;

He had been mentioning your name to me.

他过去多次向我提到过你的名字;

You had been giving me everything.

你对我真是有求必应;

④过去完成进行时之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句;

I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.

我刚看了几分钟他就进来了;

She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted

her.

她温习功课才一会儿,她妹妹就打断她了;

接下来,我们再来看看它与过去完成时的对比;

过去完成进行时和过去完成时的比较

She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy.

她已经打扫过办公室了,所以很整洁; 强调结果

She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside.

她一直在打扫办公室,所以我们不得不在外面等着; 强调动作一直在进行

最后,我们来看道练习题;

They received the parcel that they ____ for a long time.

A expected

B have expected

C had been expecting

D had expected

解析：本道题强调的是一个持续性的动作,而且是在过去,所以用过去完成进行时;选C;

过去完成进行时和现在完成进行时

过去完成进行时是由"had been + 现在分词"构成;

现在完成进行时是由has/have +现在分词 构成;

过去完成进行时是表示过去一段时间内一直在做的事情,现在已经终止了;而是表示过去某

个时段一直做着一件事,并到现在还在继续.

比如说:

had been learning English three years ago.

have been learning English for three years.

前者的意思是"三年前我一直在学英语"但现在没学了;而后者的意思是"我已经

学了三年英语."说明现在还在学