托福阅读练习及详细解析：ArtisansandIndustrializationugliest
从今天起，小编给大家整理了一些新托福考试经典阅读练习题。要知道阅读一直就是英语考试中的重中之重，所以一定要勤加练习。今天给大家分享一篇名为“ARTISANS AND INDUSTRIALIZATION”的文章。
托福阅读练习及详细解析：Artisans and Industrialization
紫菜饭的做法Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or miskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the ri of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur ea
sily. Before the ri of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of inten labor alternating with more leisurely time.
The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as tho done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increa rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter n of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and lf-disciplined. Abnteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industr
ialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.
风筝怎么放飞起来
The first generation to experience the changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily.The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked cloly with the masters supervising them, factories sharply parated workers from management. Few workers ro through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of tting up one's own business. Even well-paid workers nd their decline in status.In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, la
bor's strength collapd. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike_or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with miskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 185O’s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but the gains had little immediate impact.
Workers were united in renting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.
Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 181 5 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or miskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the ri of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about articles manufactured before 1815?
到深圳必买的十样东西○They were primarily produced by women.佛慈六味地黄丸
○They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes.
○They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.
沈惟敬
○They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportation networks.孤独之旅
Paragraph 2: The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily. Before the ri of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of inten labor alternating with more leisurely time.地质测量
