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Chapter 2: Speech sound
I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or Fal:
1.Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chine and English.
2.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.
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3.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.
4.English is a tone Ianguage while Chine is not.
5.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
6.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
7.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.
8.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.
9.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.
10.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raid the highest.
11.Accord i ng to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the con sonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.
12.Vowel sounds can be d iff ere ntiated by a number of factors: the positi on of tongue in the mouth, the ope rin ess of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.
13.According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into clo vowels, mi-clo vowels, mi-open vowels and open vowels.
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14.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.
15.Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.
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16.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
17.A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to e if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.
18.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound gment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.
19.业精于勤而荒于嬉The rules gover ning the pho no logical patter ning are language specific.
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20.Distinctive features of sound gments can be found running over a quence of two or more phonemic gme nts.
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II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
21 • A refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.
22.A phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how
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23.The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b sounds.
24.Of all the speech organs, the t is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any
other.
25.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p of
articulation.
26.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the
obstruction audibly relead and the air passing out again is called a s .
27.S features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the gments. They include
stress, tone, intonation, etc.
28.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular Ian-guage are called s rules.
29.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcriptio
n while the
transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n transcription.
30.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the nte nee rather than the word in isolatio n, they are
collectively known as i .
31 • P is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are
combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.
32. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o cavity and the nasal cavity.
