英语语言学复习资料
一：名词解释
1. Language (语言) is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.
2. Linguistics(语言学) is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
3. General linguistics(普通/一般语言学)
The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.
4. Phonetics(语音学) the study of sounds ud in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics.
5. Phonology(语音体系) how sounds are put together and ud to convey meaning in communication.
苍天啊大地啊
6. Morphology(形态学) 闪婚什么意思 the symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology.
7. Syntax(句法学) then the combination of words to form grammatically permissible ntences in languages is governed by rules. The study of the rules constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies called syntax.
8. Semantics(语意学) the study of meaning is known as mantics.
9. Pragmatics(语用学) when the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of language u, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.
10. Phone(音素) is a phonetic unit or gment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
11. Phoneme(音位) is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is reprented or realized by a cer
tain phone in a certain phonetic context.
12. 手机悬浮球Allophones(音位变体) the different phones which can reprent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones.
13. IPA(International Phonetic Alphabet国际音标) It’s a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter lected from major European languages to reprent one speech sound.
14. Diacritics(变音符) it is a t of symbols which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions.
域名信息15. broad transcription(宽式标音) one is the transcription with letter-symbols only.
16. narrow transcription(严式标音) the other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.
关于田园风光的诗17. open class words(开放类词) In English , open class words are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. We can regularly add new words to the class.
18. clod class words(封闭类词) In English , clod class word are conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. New words are not usually added to them.
19. Morpheme(词素) the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.
20. bound morpheme(黏着词素) morphemes which occurs only before other morphemes. They cannot be ud alone.
耶林
21. free morpheme(自由词素) it is the morphemes which can be ud alone.
22. supragmental features(超音段特征) the phonemic features that occur above the level of the gments are called supragmental features.
23. Category(天气姐姐范畴) it refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a ntence ,a noun phra or a verb.
24. Phras(短语) Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phras.
二：简答题
1. Three distinct of phonetics(性感的名字语音学的三个分支？)
Articulatory phonetics发音语音学; auditory phonetics听觉语音学; acoustic phonetics声光语音学.
2. Main features of language(语言的主要特征？)
Language is a system. Language is arbitrary. Language is vocal. Language is human-specific.
3. Synchronic vs. diachronic(共识语言学与历史语言学的区别？)
Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.
4. Speech and writing (言语与文字的区别？)
Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its urs to record speech when the need aris. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. Written language is only the “revid” record of speech.
5. What are the branches of linguistic study?(语言学研究领域中的主要分支有哪些？)
1) sociolinguistics; 2) psycholinguistics; 3)applied linguistics and so on.
6. Traditional grammar and modern linguistics(传统语法与现代语言学的区别？)
