语⾔学期末考试重点
语⾔学重点
题型：
1.Translation (20分10个) 单词5个中翻英5个英翻中
2.Gap filling (20分10个)
3.multiple choice (20分10个)
4.T or F (10分10个)
5.Question and Answer (30分2个)
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE:
1. Competence and performance is distinguished by Saussure.(F)
2. A synchronic linguistics is the study of a language through the cour of its history.(F)
3. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.(T)
4. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.(F)
5. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.(T)
有什么词牌名6. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.(T)
7. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.(F)
8. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken language.(F)
关于高考的电影9. The distinction between competence and performance was propod by F. de Saussure.(F)
10. English is a tone language while Chine is not.(F)
11. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a sp
eaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.(F)
12. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.(F)
13. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raid the highest.
(F)
14. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.(F)
15. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.(T)
16. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.(T)
17. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.(F)
18. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, ten, degree, and ca.(T)
19. The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the words in the compound.(
F)
20. In English, inflectional affixes are mostly prefixes.(F)入伙对联
21. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itlf, for example, within British English or American English.(F)
22. Sen is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.(F) 23. Linguistic forms having the same n may have different references in different situations.( T)
24. The meaning of a ntence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.(F)
25. Most languages have ts of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. (T)
26. The predication analysis of a ntence only applies to statements and interrogative forms.(F)
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually u, it is said to be descriptive.
2. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal ur’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
3. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete u of the conventions and application of the rules.
4.Duality is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
5. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.
6. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.
7. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible ntences in languages is called syntax.
8. Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual u.
9．Tone are pitch variations, which are caud by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.
10. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the ttlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics.
排名的函数11. Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its urs. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of ntences which they have never heard be.
12. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
13． Articulatory phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. 14．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all bilabial sounds.
15．Of all the speech organs, the tongue is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. 16．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of place of articulation.
17．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly relead and the air passing out again is called a stop.
18.Suprasagmental features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the gments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.
19．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription. 20．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the ntence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.
21．Phonology is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.
22．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the oral cavity and the nasal cavity.
23．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and ntence stress.
24. Root is the part of the word left when all the affixes are removed.
25. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
26. Bound morphemes are tho that cannot be ud independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
27. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.
28. A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may ca change its part of speech.
29. Compound is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
30. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two parate words, i.e. “snow” and “fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a compound.
31. Senmantics can be defined as the study of meaning.
32. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between
a linguistic form and what it refers to.
33. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
34. Words that are clo in meaning are called synonyms.
35. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called homophones.
36. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites.
37. Componential analysis is bad upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.
38. Whether a ntence is mantically meaningful is governed by rules called lectional restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.
1. The description of a language in a fixed instant is a __A_____ study.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. prescriptive
D. systematic
2. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called _D____.
A. sociolinguistics宫寒吃什么好
B. Psycholinguistics
C. computational linguistics
D. Applied Linguistics
3. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually u, it is said to be __C____________.
A. prescriptive
B. analytic
C. descriptive
D. linguistic
4. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? D
A. Arbitrariness
B. Displacement
C. Duality
D. Meaningfulness
5. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, becau ___D________.
A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
局域网组建C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue
D. All of the above
6. A historical study of language is a _B___ study of language.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. prescriptive
D. comparative
7. Language is said to be arbitrary becau there is no logical connection between ___B______ and meanings.
A. n
B. sounds
C. objects
D. ideas
kate眼影8. Language can be ud to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called__A_______,
A. displacement
B. duality
C. flexibility
D. cultural transmission
9. The distinction between langue and parole was made by _B______ early last century.
A. American linguist N. Chomsky
B. Swiss linguist F. de Saussure
C. American linguist Edward Sapir
D. British linguist J. R. Firth
10. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is A .
A. arbitrary
B. rational
C. logical
D. cultural
11. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is called __A______ phonetics.
A. acoustic
B. articulatory
C. auditory
D. allomorphic
12. The sound /f/ is ____D_____________.
A. voiced palatal affricate
B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative
D. voiceless labiodental fricative 13．Of all the speech organs, the __C_____ is/ are the most flexible.
A. mouth
B. lips
C. tongue
鼻臭D. vocal cords
14．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _A___ sounds.
A. voiceless
B. voiced
C. vowel
D. consonantal 15．___B_______ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A. /z/
B. /d/
C. /k/
D./b/
16. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be __D_________.
A. in phonemic contrast
B. in complementary distribution
C. the allophones
D. minimal pair
17．The sound /f/ is _____D____________.
A. voiced palatal affricate
B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative
D. voiceless labiodental fricative
18. A _C___ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A. back
B. central
