TPO 41 听力文本
Conversation 1
Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor
P: I have some good news for you, one of the students who was signed up for the summer term at the field station next year won’t be attending after all. Your name’s first on the waiting list. So if you still want to do it, the space is available.
S: Oh, That’s terrific.
P: You’re also interested in doing an independent rearch project next summer right? S: Yeah, uh salt marsh restoration. But I was before when I thought I wasn’t get into the field station.
P: Well, you can still do it if you want. I looked over your application for the independent rearch project and it looks strong. I approved it. And you’d even have more resource there at the field station. So…
秋风引唐刘禹锡
S: The field station and the independent study. But the summer term is a few weeks shorter than the regular term.
P: Oh, it’s up to you. You’d have to work hard but I think you can do very well. Professor Garfield’s one of the professors over the field station.
S: Yeah, I’ve heard of them.
P: Yes, well, Professor Garfield’s been doing rearch on salt marshes for years, asssing human impact in methods of salt marsh restoration.
He’s willing to overe your project.
S: Wow, that’s too good an opportunity to pass up.
P: I thought you’d say that. When I spoke with Doctor Garfield, he suggested you take a particular cour he’ll be teaching here in the spring. It’s called ‘advanced topics in salt marsh management’. The cour looks like salt marsh cytology in depth, and it also focus on factors that stress salt marsh systems, and how do we asss and monitor the level of stress.
帆船简笔画图片S: And that background information all fit right into my project on salt marsh restoration. This is so great.
P: Oh, one more thing, do you know John Arnold?
S: Not really, but he lives in my dorm. Why?
P: John’s another ecology student who will be at the field station next summer. I approved an independent rearch project for him too. Initially he had the same concern as you. But anyway his topic will be similar to yours. He’ll be rearching how bridges and covers that have been installed to allow tidal waters to move underneath roads between the a and the salt marshes. Well, they are often too small.
S: I guess that’d result in not enough tidal water flowing into the marshes to maintain the natural vegetation right?
P: Exactly, and he’ll be looking at how to determine the right size. So I was thinking he might be a good choice for a summer roommate for you.
尚志一中Conversation 2
Listen to a conversation between two students
W: Hi, can I help you?
M: Yes, um I’d like to get help with the ahh… you know payment for my class, some sort of financial aid? The problem is, I don’t know much about it so I don’t really know where to begin. I saw this poster about work study programs? Can you tell something about that?
W: Well, I think you are talking about the government sponsored work-study program. It works like this, you work on campus and get paid in hourly wage just like a regular job. However, instead of getting a pay check, the money goes directly to your bill for your cours. But almost all the work study jobs pay minimal wage which is usually pretty low. The truth is, you might do better getting a job off campus since you can do whatever you want with the money, like paying your rent or buying textbooks.
仓库管理员的职责
M: Thanks, that’s very uful. So how do I find out what’s out there?
W: Let me show you our catalog of various programs as well as scholarships offered here. That’s your best bet really if you can find a good scholarship, becau you don’t have to pay the money back. You may qualify if your grades are good enough or if you have the right background.
M: Yeah, that sounds like something I should try for.
呼叫限制
W: Now this is my desk copy of the catalog. But I can give you your own copy if you want. Oh yeah, be sure to visit the university library too. There’s a whole ction on financial aid, including application forms.
M: Why isn’t all the information listed in the catalog? It’d be so much easier.
W: Oh, if we did that the catalog would be too heavy to pick up. Civic clubs, foundation, organizations from all over the country offer scholarships or other financial assistance to college students. And all kinds of companies have programs to help their employee’s children go to the college. If either of your parents works for a large corporation, have them check to e if their companies do that.
模拟英文
M: Ok, good idea. Hey, my dad works for a big accounting firm, and he is a member of a professional accounting organization. Do you think they’d offer financial aid?
W: Yes, that’s fairly common. Especially if you are planning to go into accounting. What are you studying? What do you plan to do after you graduate?
M: I want to become a dentist. I’m enrolled in a pre-med program for dentistry.
W: Okay, so I’d suggest looking in the library for information on organizations that have to do with dentistry. Any number of them might offer scholarships to student planning to join their profession.
M: I’ll definitely investigate that one.
W: Great, but be sure to talk to one of our librarians too. They get the same questions over and over so they can save you a great deal of time.
Lecture 1
Many organisms have developed the ability to survive in harsh environmental conditions: extreme heat or cold or very dry conditions, like plants in the dert. Your textbook doesn’t have much about the specifics on dert plants. But I think the dert
plants are great examples of specialized adaptations to extreme environmental conditions. So with dert plants, there are basically three different adaptive strategies, and I should point out that the strategies are not specific to any particular species. Many different species have developed each of the adaptations. So first of, there are succulent plants. There are many different species of succulent plants. But they all can absorb and store a lot of water. Obviously, opportunities to get water in the dert are few and far between.
Generally, rains are light and short so the rain doesn’t em too far down into the soil. And there is a limited window of time for any plant to get the water before it vaporizes. But succulent plants have a spread out and shallow root system that can quickly pull in water from the top inch of soil, though the soil has to be saturated. Since succulents aren’t good at absorbing water from the soil that’s only a little moist. Succulent plants also are well suited to retaining water, important in the environment where rainy days are rare. Succulent plants can store water in their leaves, in their stems or in their roots, and to keep that moisture from evaporating in the hot dert sun. Most succulent plants have a waxy outer layer that makes them almost waterproof when their store mates are clod. They also prerve water by minimizing their surface area. The more of the plant is out in the sun, the more potential there is to lo stored up water, and that means that most succulent plants have few, if any, leaves.
Now, besides succulent plants, there are also drought tolerant plants. Drought tolerant plants are like bears in a way. You know how bears mostly sleep through the winter? They can survive without eating becau their metabolism slows down. Well, drought tolerant plants also go into a dormant state when resources, in their ca water, run short.
A drought tolerant plant can actually dry out without dying. I said before that most dert rains are lig
ht and brief, but occasionally there’s a heavy one. Drought tolerant plants revive after one of the significant rainfalls and they are able to absorb a good bit of the rainfall due to their deep roots. Actually, the root system for drought tolerant plants is more extensive than the root system of many plants that live in wetter climates. Drought tolerant plants can even absorb water from relatively dry soil becau of their deep roots, in contrast to succulent plants.
The third adaptive strategy is to avoid the drought conditions all together. Yes-- there are plants that do this—annual plants. An annual plant will mature and produce eds in a single ason that will become the next generation of annual plants. In dert conditions, annual plants grow in the fall or spring to avoid the heat of summer and the cold of winter. Of cour, the plants could face a rious problem if a particular fall or spring happen to be very dry. They would have difficulty growing and could die before producing eds but they have a mechanism to prevent one year of low rainfall from wiping them out. Not all eds and annual plant puts out or grow the following year. Some eds remain dormant in the ground for veral years. It’s a type of insurance that protects the annual plants from the ason of poor growing conditions of unfavorable weather.
Lecture 2
P: It’s interesting how much we can learn about culture in the United States by looking at how Christopher Columbus has been portrayed throughout United States history. So let’s start at the beginning. Columbus’s ship first landed… landed in the Caribbean. Oh, there is some debate about which island he landed in 1492. But it wasn’t until 300 years later in 1792 that its landing was first commemorated. And this was the bring child of John Pintard. Pintard was a wealthy New Yorker, the founder of the New York historical society and he decided to u his influence and wealth to find a great hero, a patron for the young country and he cho Columbus. And in New York in 1792 the anniversary of Columbus’s landing was commemorated for the first time. Now, other cities, Philadelphia then Baltimore followed. And…
邮票知识
S: But why Columbus and why then?
P: Well, to Pintard, it was a way to build patriotism in the young, politically fractured country. We remember the United State had only declared its independence from Britain sixteen years earlier and had yet to form a national identity. Pintard also had a hand in helping to create an independent state in July 4th as a national holiday so you e that he was very involved in creating sort of a national story for Americans. And Columbus, he felt Columbus could be become a story that Americans could tell each other about their national origins that was outside of the British colonial co
ntext. The United States was in arch of a national identity and its people wanted heroes.
S: But why not some of leaders of the revolution? You know like George Washington. P: The leaders of the revolution were the natural candidates to be heroes. But many were still alive and didn’t want the job. To them, being raid to heroes’ status was undemocratic. So Columbus became the hero. And the link between Columbus and the United States took hold.
S: And so what was that link？
P: Well, Columbus was portrayed as entrepreneurial, someone who took chances, who took risks and he was cast as somebody who was oppod to the rule of kings and queens. Perhaps most of all Columbus was portrayed as someone who was destined to accomplish things. Just as America in tho early years was coming to e itlf as having a great destiny.
S: But Columbus was supported by the king and queen of Spain. He wasn’t against them.
P:True, to be historically accurate the way Pintard thought about Columbus doesn’t
match up with the fact of his life at all. And I really have to stress this, the fact that Columbus became the hero of a young country had little to do with Columbus. Anything he did had a lot to do w
ith what was happening in United States 300 years later. Columbus was extraordinary adaptable to the purpos of America’s nation builders. People like John Pintard in the early part of the 19th century and since not a lot of facts were known about Columbus, his writing were available in North America until 1816, that might’ve actually helped the process of adapting him to American purpos.
S: Since no one knew about the real Columbus, it was easy to invent a mythical one? P: Exactly, and this mythical Columbus, he became a reflection of the society which cho him. So in the early history of the United States, Columbus reprented an escape from the political institutions of Europe. He was the solitary individual who challenged to the unknown. And now there was this new democracy, this new country in a world without kings. Columbus became sort of the mythical founder of the country. So as historians, we wouldn’t want to study the myths about Columbus and mistaken them for facts about Columbus. But if we are trying to understand American culture, then we can learn much by studying how America adapts Columbus for its own purpos. Evaluations of Columbus then will reflect what Americans think of themlves. Oh, there is a quote. Something like a society’s re-constructor pasd rather than faithfully recorded. And how that reconstruction takes place and what it tells us. That’s something we are going to be paying a lot of attention to.
Lecture 3
P: Ok, as art historians, one of our fundamental tasks is to assign authorship to works of art, right? We are prented with a work of art and we are to figure out who made it. But this task becomes particularly difficult when we dealing with works produced in Italy during the Renaissance. The sixteenth, venteenth centuries. Now, why is this the ca? Anyone? Emily?
Emily: umm, is it becau artists didn’t sign their work? I mean, didn’t whole concept of the artists as individual developed later, in like the 19th century?
P: Well, you are sort of on the right track. The concept of the individual artist, especially the concept of the artists that has artistic genius, struggling alone with the vision as oppod to say a mere artisan. Well the idea of the artists as alone genius didn’t develop until later. But artists, individual artists did sign their work during the Renaissance, that you could say that’s part of the problem. Paintings were signed by the artists and that ud to be understood to be a mark of Renaissance individualism. If a piece had Raphael signature on it, we assume this was done by great artist himlf, Raphael in singular. But you e, art in Renaissance Italy was very much a collaborative business. Painters健康怎么写
