SOFT POWER
Extract from Joph Nye’s Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics
Everyone is familiar with hard power. We know that military and economic might often get others to change their position. Hard power can rest on inducements (“carrots”) or threats (“sticks”). But sometimes you can get the outcomes you want without tangible threats or payoffs. The indirect way to get what you want has sometimes been called “the cond face of power.” A country may obtain the outcomes it wants in world politics becau other countries—admiring its values, emulating its example, aspiring to its level of prosperity and openness—want to follow it. In this n, it is also important to t the agenda and attract others in world politics, and not only to force them to change by threatening military force or economic sanctions. This soft power—getting others to want the outcomes that you want—co-opts people rather than coerces them.
眼睛不舒服是什么原因引起的
斑驳陆离的意思>中华母亲节Soft power rests on the ability to shape the preferences of others. At the personal level, we are all familiar with the power of attraction and duction. In a relationship or a marriage, po自制钓鱼饵料
白菜馅饺子wer does not necessarily reside with the larger partner, but in the mysterious chemistry of attraction. And in the business world, smart executives know that leadership is not just a matter of issuing commands, but also involves leading by example and attracting others to do what you want. It is difficult to run a large organization by commands alone. You also need to get others to buy in to your values. Similarly, contemporary practices of community-bad policing rely on making the police sufficiently friendly and attractive that a community wants to help them achieve shared objectives.
强健的反义词Political leaders have long understood the power that comes from attraction. If I can get you to want to do what I want, then I do not have to u carrots or sticks to make you do it. Whereas leaders in authoritarian countries can u coercion and issue commands, politicians in democracies have to rely more on a combination of inducement and attraction. Soft power is a staple of daily democratic politics. The ability to establish preferences tends to be associated with intangible asts such as an attractive personality, culture, political values and institutions, and policies that are en as legitimate or having moral authority. If a leader reprents values that others want to follo
w, it will cost less to lead.
阳字
Soft power is not merely the same as influence. After all, influence can also rest on the hard power of threats or payments. And soft power is more than just persuasion or the ability to move people by argument, though that is an important part of it. It is also the ability to attract, and attraction often leads to acquiescence. Simply put, in behavioral terms soft power is attractive power. In terms of resources, soft-power resources are the asts that produce such attraction. Whether a particular ast is a soft-power resource that produces attraction can be measured by asking people through polls or focus groups. Whether that attraction in turn produces desired policy outcomes has to be judged in particular cas. Attraction does not always determine others’ preferences, but this gap between power measured as resources and power judged as the outcomes of behavior is not unique to soft power. It occurs with all forms of power. Before the fall of France in 1940, Britain and France had more tanks than Germany, but that advantage in military power resources did not accurately predict the outcome of the battle.
One way to think about the difference between hard and soft power is to consider the variety of ways you can obtain the outcomes you want. You can command me to change my preferences and do what you want by threatening me with force or economic sanctions. You can induce me to do what you want by using your economic power to pay me. You can restrict my preferences by tting the agenda in such a way that my more extravagant wishes em too unrealistic to pursue. Or you can appeal to a n of attraction, love, or duty in our relationship and appeal to our shared values about the justness of contributing to tho shared values and purpos. If I am persuaded to go along with your purpos without any explicit threat or exchange taking place—in short, if my behavior is determined by an obrvable but intangible attraction—soft power is at work. Soft power us a different type of currency (not force, not money) to engender cooperation—an attraction to shared values and the justness and duty of contributing to the achievement of tho values. Much as Adam Smith obrved that people are led by an invisible hand when making decisions in a free market, our decisions in the marketplace for ideas are often shaped by soft power—an intangible attraction that persu
ades us to go along with others’ purpos without any explicit threat or exchange taking place.
Hard and soft power are related becau they are both aspects of the ability to achieve one’s purpo by affecting the behavior of others. The distinction between them is one of degree, both in the nature of the behavior and in the tangibility of the resources. Command power—the ability to change what others do—can rest on coercion or inducement. Co-optive power—the ability to shape what others want—can rest on the attractiveness of one’s culture and values or the ability to manipulate the agenda of political choices in a manner that makes others fail to express some preferences becau they em to be too unrealistic. The types of behavior between command and co-option range along a spectrum from coercion to economic inducement to agenda tting to pure attraction. Soft-power resources tend to be associated with the co-optive end of the spectrum of behavior, whereas hard-power resources are usually associated with command behavior. But the relationship is imperfect. For example, sometimes countries may be attracted to others with command power by myths of invincibility, and command p
教育管理论文ower may sometimes be ud to establish institutions that later become regarded as legitimate. A strong economy not only provides resources for sanctions and payments, but can also be a source of attractiveness. On the whole, however, the general association between the types of behavior and certain resources is strong enough to allow us to employ the uful shorthand reference to hard- and soft-power resources.
