An investigation of the existing situation
and trends in building
energy efficiency management in China
Abstract
According to the Chine State Council’s‘‘Building Energy Efficiency Management Ordinance’’,a large-scale investigation of energy efficiency(EE)in buildings in contemporary China has been carried out in22provincial capitals and major cities in China.The aim of this project is to provide reliable information for drawing up the‘‘Decision on reinforcing building energy efficiency’’by the Ministry of Construction of China.The surveyed organizations include government departments,rearch institutions,property developers,design institutions, construction companies,construction consultancy rvices companies,facility management departments,financial institutions and tho which relate to the business of building energy efficiency.In addition,reprentatives of the media and residents were also involved.A detailed analysis of the results of the investigation concerning aspects of the current situation and trends in building energy consumption,energy efficiency strategy and the implementation of energy efficiency measures has been conducted.The investigation supplies esntial information to f
ormulate the market entrance policy for new buildings and the refurbishment policy for existing buildings to encourage the development of energy efficient technology.
Keywords:Energy efficiency(EE);Building;Survey;Policy;Legislation; Reform;China
1．Introduction
Future trends in China’s energy will have considerable conquences for both China and the global environment.
Although China’s carbon emissions are low on a per capita basis,China has been already ranked the world’s cond largest producer of carbon,behind only the USA. China’s buildings ctor currently accounts for23%of China’s total energy u and this is projected to increa to one-third by2010.China has t a target for a50% reduction of energy consumption for buildings.Energy policy plays an important role
in China’s sustainable development.Improving energy efficiency in buildings is one of the most cost-
effective measures for reducing CO2emission,which is recognid
as one of the main caus of global warming.
The climate in China is very diver.According to the national‘‘Standard of Climatic Regionalization for Architecture’’GB50178-93,China is divided into the following zones bad on climate characteristics:very cold,cold,hot summer and cold winter,hot summer and warm winter,and moderate.Air conditioning and heating requirements for different zones are as follows:in the very cold zone,the major requirement is heating,and few residential buildings are equipped with air conditioning.In the cold zone,the primary requirement is heating,followed by air conditioning.In the hot summer and cold winter zone,both air conditioning and heating are needed.In the hot summer and warm winter zone,the major requirement is air conditioning and few residential buildings require heating.In some parts of the moderate zone,heating is needed;in other parts,both heating and air conditioning are needed.The availability of heating and air conditioning depends on veral factors, including the degree of economic development in an area,the availability of energy supplies and the requirements for environmental protection
The Chine government has focud on energy efficiency in buildings since the 1980s,and numero
us standards,building codes,incentive policies and administrative rules have been issued.For example,the‘‘Energy Design Code for Heated Residential Buildings JGJ26-86’’,‘‘Energy Design Code for Heated New Residential Buildings JGJ26-95’’and‘‘Technical Specification for Energy Conrvation Renovation of Existing Heated Residential Buildings JGJ129-2000’’are for the Very Cold and Cold zones.The‘‘Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter zone JGJ134-2001’’and ‘‘Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings in the Hot Summer and Warm Winter zone JGJ75-2003’’are for non-central heating areas.According to the Chine government timetable,standards for the energy efficient design for residential buildings in all climate zones should have taken effect by the end of2003 In order to enhance the energy efficiency strategies’implementation,on behalf of the State Council,The Ministry of Construction is drawing up the‘‘Decision on reinforcing building energy efficiency’’,which aims to establish a building energy efficiency legislation system,principally using a policy of economic incentives in order to stimulate the reform in building energy efficiency.To fulfill this task,a large-scale investigation has been carried out focusing on the awareness, understanding and degree of support for the reform of energy蜀葵苗
efficiency in buildings.
2.Methodology
The survey method has been applied in this investigation.The questionnaire survey is a common method,which has been ud by many rearchers worldwide.A detailed description of the survey method ud in this work is as follows.
企业宣传语2.1.Objects and subjects of the investigation
The survey into the‘‘existing situation and trends of building energy efficiency management in China’’was carried out from September2005to February2006and aimed to supply realistic information for providing a reliable warranty for drawing up building energy management regulations.Extensive discussions
have been conducted with experts in the country in order to design the survey questionnaire.About22,000copies of the survey questionnaire have been distributed to about22provincial capitals and the major cities throughout the country.The survey subjects are mainly government administrative departments,rearch institutions, property developers,design institutions,construction companies,construction consultancy rvice companies,facility management departments,finance organizations,the media and residents.The information态度改变
derived from the investigation becomes an important reference for the drawing up of the‘‘Decision on reinforcing building energy efficiency’’.The topics of the investigation are divided into one general part and eight specific parts.The general part is to investigate the existing situation of energy efficiency management,the development tendency and the cost of building energy
efficiency.The specific parts include:
Part1:New building market entrance permission;
Part2:Promotion,limitation and restriction;
Part3:Statistic of building energy consumption;
Part4:Energy efficiency labelling and certification;
Part5:Energy efficiency management and refurbishment for public buildings;
Part6:Energy efficiency management and refurbishment for residential buildings;
关于元宵节的灯谜>准时
Part7:Application of renewable energy;
Part8:Incentive policy for energy efficiency.
The subjects come from11groups,they are:
No.1:Government departments;
No.2:Property developers;
No.3:Design and construction companies;
No.4:Energy rvice companies;
No.5:Clients of public buildings;
No.6:Property rvice companies;
No.7:Heating suppliers;
No.8:Manufacturers of construction materials and products;
钢琴专业No.9:Financial institutions;
No.10:Residents;
No.11:The Media.
The11subjects were required to answer the questions in the general part but did not necessarily have to answer all the questions in the specific parts.The11types of questionnaire were designed for the different subjects.
3.Analysis of samples
The22,000copies of the questionnaire have been distributed,and about13,125 valid copies have been returned,a respon rate of59.7%.Among the valid completed questionnaires,10,236copies were from residents and2889copies from institutions.
3.1.Resident subject samples
The resident questionnaire includes four criteria:ownership of property, building type,building age and average family income.From the investigation we can e that the ownership of property accounts for67.8%;the multi-floor buildings account for61.8%;the buildings aged less than10years old account for62.9%; and houholds with monthly average family income less than5000Yuan account for61.8%.The figures match the real situation in China.In general,the valid completed questionnaires from resident subjects reflect the general situation in Chine society.It reprents the society’s mainstream.
3.2.Institutions included in the sample
The institutions included in the sample were classified according to three criteria,namely the administrative characteristics of their cities,their climate zone, and whether or not they were building owners.
From the investigation we can e that the surveyed cities are mainly provincial capitals and Municipalities(a Municipality is a specific administrative city which is governed directly by the central government.There are four such cities:Beijing, Tainjin,Shanghai and Chongqing),which account for90%of the whole surveyed cities.The building energy consumption in provincial capitals is more remarkable than that in other cities,which reflect the country’s real situation.
最后一年
The surveyed cities are mostly located in the very cold,cold,hot summer and
cold winter zones.
传统文化的手抄报
and mild zones are
at the moment.
make up the lowest proportion of0.6%becau the building energy efficiency rvice system is not yet fully mature.The proportion of design institutions, construction and consultancy companies is38%,which is the largest group.The cond largest group,with14.3%,is made up of manufacturers of building materials and equipment.The two institutions are the practical executive bodies for the implementation of building energy efficiency.The proportion of clients of public building is9.0%,which is particularly lected to reflect public building energy management and renovation.The proportions of the institution subject samples reflect the real situation in China[
4.Result analysis
The surveys were carried out within four groups:consumers,producers, rvices and consultancy supervisions.The consumers include residents and clients of public buildings.The producers include property developers and manufacturers. The rvices include design construction and construction consultancy companies, energy rvice companies,facility management rvices,energy resource rvices companies and finance institutions.The consultancy supervisions include government departments and the media.
