如何写出⾼分的ArgumentativeEssay？快查看议论⽂结构与议论⽂题⽬的建议最近世界上有⽆数争议性话题：全球变暖，⼥性及少数群体平权，快速时尚对于环境的影响，个⼈隐私权等。那么，作为学⽣我们怎么会说出⾃⼰的观点并带来⼀些改变？从很久以前⼤学不仅是知识殿堂，也是⾮常重要的交流平台，因此⽼师布置各种论⽂写作的时候，学⽣有对某话题划出⾃⼰⽴场的机会。英⽂学术写作形式中，argumentative essay（议论⽂）就是施展你的个⼈想法最佳⽅法。但你们知道argumentative essay怎么写？下⾯我们解释⼀下议论⽂结构、议论⽂题⽬、其主要特点以及撰写套路。
Argumentative essay是什么?
国外的argumentative essay和国内的议论⽂都是很常见的作业形式。与其他essay种类⽐起来，argumentative essay的⽬的是传达作者对某个问题或某件事表达⾃⼰的⽴场和个⼈态度。通过对于论⽂主题进⾏评论，作者务必要提出thesis statement (论⽂陈述)并应⽤真实可靠论据与推理来证明它。Argumentative essay基本要求包括：
1）简洁论点 (是你的主张，你的个⼈态度);
2）论据恰当 (必须具有实际意义，与主题和你的论点相关);
3）具有逻辑性的论证。
议论⽂结构：argumentative essay三种⽂体遗址博物馆
上⽂是argumentative essay的⼀种概括。但如果留学⽣愿意更为深⼊了解议论⽂结构与写作形式，请往下看。Argumentative essay其实⾮常多种多样，每个学⼦都会找到适合个⼈写作风格的议论⽂。⽐如说，我们可以先提出⼀个论点，然后以故事论述⽀撑本论点并对其是⾮进⾏分析。也可以以两个不同论点对照开始，采⽤⽐较法对于对⽴的主张确定正确和错误，于是在结论归纳出⾃⼰的看法。如果你是英⽂写作新⼿的话，推荐从议论⽂三主要模型开始练习argumentative essay写作：
Classical argument
起源于亚⾥⼠多德辩证理论，本argumentative essay模型的⽬的是通过他⼈说服赢得辩论。为了证明⾃⼰观点绝对的正确性，⼩伙伴需要按照下⾯六个要素进⾏写作：
第⼀，引起读者的注意⼒。介绍⼈们关⼼的疑问，为了你的论点奠定基础;
第⼆，论述背景，即为了解决主题制定的辩论我们应该知道哪些事实？
第三，根据在第⼀和第⼆步提供的信息表明⾃⼰的观点并指出下⽂将要讲什么;
第四，提供论据和论证;
第五，我们都应该考虑到对⽅的论据。因此，第五议论⽂的要素是反驳对⽅论据，这样做着能避免论点的过度主观性。
第六，为最重要的信息进⾏归纳。再次回顾⼀下让读者接受你论点的论证
接下来，以简单英⽂对话展⽰议论⽂的classical argument模型：
1. Lucia! (第⼀，引起注意⼒)
2. Stop teasing your sister. She had a tough day at dancing class. (第⼆，背景)
3. If I hear you gloat about getting a lead role in the play one more time, you are going to be punished. (第三，论点)白露是什么意思
4. In the past 20 minutes you have mentioned it three times already. She is crying in her room. She knows that you’ll be Elza in winter play. You are just being mean （第四，论据）
5. I know she never miss a chance to tea you with her straight A on math too, but you have to t a good example for her （第五，反驳对⽅的论点）
6. If you say one more thing about that winter play, I will put you in timeout. I don’t care if we are in a supermarket and your friends are watching. （第六，归纳和总结）
Rogerian argument
美国⼼理学家Carl Rogers曾今启发了辞修学家创造⼀种新辩证⽅式，即⾸先需要充分了解对⽅的观点，然后才提出⾃⼰的。就像classical argument模型那样，rogerian argument也必须包含⼏项主要要素：
第⼀，介绍所需要解决的问题;
第⼆，对于对⽅观点进⾏概括，尽量避免语⾔感情⾊彩，以此表⽰对对⽴看法的尊重;
葛底斯堡演讲>本命年能结婚不
第三，承认对⽅观点的合理性。哪些对⽴看法的论据你会同意？哪些论据连会与他⼈分享？
第四，清晰地提出⾃⼰的论点;
第五，陈述所持观点的情景。指出⼀下，在哪种情况下你的观点是100%正确的，以此表⽰并承认他⼈最可能不会总是同意你的⽴场，反⽽这可能是与对⽅达成共识的机会;
第六，列出你观点所带来的益处。展⽰对⽅从接受你的主张如何能够受益，这样你的写作结尾充满着希望和乐观语⽓。
1. Lucia, you still haven’t finished your homework. (提出所存在的问题);
2. I know that you really want to go out and eat that chocolate ice-cream (概括对⽅的论据);
3. If you had all of your homework done, you could go and play as much as you want (承认对⽅观点合理性);
4. At this moment, I need you to finish your homework. When you are done, you can have some ice-cream. (阐述你的⽴场);
5. I’ll fill in a bowl with ice-cream and put it in the fridge for you, so you can eat it as soon as you finish. (描述你观点的情景);
等级赋分
6. When you finish your homework, you can go out until bedtime, and you will have good grades in school. (对⽅能够受到的益处)
Toulmin argument
这种argumentative essay模型最适合学术写作，也不算简单。英国哲学家Stephen Toulmin提出的论辩框架如下：
1）论点：就像我们平时写的主旨句，是我们的观点和⽴场;
2）论据：统计数据、常识和经验观察等被⽤于⽀持主张;
3）保证：可视为⼀种理论上的规则，确保论据能够使主张成⽴;
4）保证补强成分：是论点推理规则的补强成分和附加成分;
5）限定：限定主张成⽴的条件;
6）例外：指出反例。
1. Lucia, I know that last time you took a shower on Monday. It’s Thursday now (论据);
2. You need to take a shower. (论点);
3. You are starting to get stinky. Your hair is looking very messy. (保证);
4. Birds will build a nest in your hair if it isn’t clean and brushed. You also will get known as a stinky girl at school. (保证补强成分);
5. I know that Dad always says that you smell like cinnamon and sugar, but you are getting a little ripe. (限定);
6. You are doing great in school and you behave, but you still have to take a shower.
(例外).
竹溪
如何选择醒⽬议论⽂题⽬？
你的议论⽂题⽬需要是debatable，以便你可以找到它的论点和反论点。⽐如说，“People needs air to
breathe;” 的话题并没有什么值得辩论的，但“Students don’t need homework to succeed”可能会奏效。
慢生活的唯美句子此外，论⽂题⽬应具有说服⼒，具备有⼒的证据和⾄少两种对⽴的观点，并这种应⽤有说服⼒的语⾔撰写论⽂，以便读者能看到问题两个⽅⾯，并采纳他们最喜欢的⽴场。
最好选择你感兴趣的主题。调整你的论点并列出你将⽤⽀持论据的要点。另外，你还需要列出你论点的反驳观点，并为其收集证据。在你的论⽂中，两个不同⽅⾯都要描述，但要尝试证明你的论点是唯⼀正确的。
Debatable
你的任务不仅是提供有关某件事情的⼀般信息，⽽且要激励读者继续对此主题进⾏讨论。你需要找到⼀个能够扩⼤⼈们视野并允许他们以新的视⾓看待它的主题。辩Argumentative essay是关于覆盖硬币（主题）的两个侧⾯。例如：
错: George Clooney is the most handsome actor. (有⼈会不同意时，你⼏乎找不到⾜够可信的证据来证明或反对这⼀事实.)
Rare animals are in danger today. (这是事实，这⾥没有什么可以辩论的)
正: People need marijuana for better health. (你可以找到该主题的论点和反论点.)
Positive features of communism.
Why Equal Rights Amendments for women failed.
主要⽬的并不是说服读者⽀持你的论点(though it would be great!), ⽽是要表明该主题是值得讨论的。
选择debatable议论⽂题⽬的窍门:
1. 选择你了解并可以对其表达⾃⼰意见的主题。
2. 避免难以辩论的话题。
3. 考虑到你的读者. 谁能读你的论⽂？他们会如何看待这个话题？
鹦鹉的英语怎么说
4. 他们对讨论该主题会感兴趣吗？
5. 确保你有⾜够的事实和证据来⽀持该主题的论点和反论点。
6. 避免使⽤充满感情⾊彩的主题。清晰地讨论它们可能很困难。
7. 不怕冒险。尝试讨论其他⼈会避免的争议性主题。
8. 头脑风暴你的环境。你最近遇到了其他⼈认为忌讳的话题吗？你是否有与任何⼈讨论过任何争议性的话题？为什么不可以在论⽂中涵盖这些主题？
可以参考议论⽂题⽬的列表
为了使argumentative essay成功，其主题必须是辩论性的，⽽不是说明性的。这意味着你不应选择任何常识或过于笼统的论点。考虑⼀下政治，性别问题，⽓候变化，教育辩论，⽂化，动物权利或宗教等领域。
教育
What educational system is better: teacher- or student-centered one?
Pros and cons of classical education in schools
Do we need sports activities in college or let it be for academic purpos only?
How does gender affect education?
Does homeschooling make children less educative than their peers from traditional schools? Why U.S. education is weaker than in other countries’
Should students be friends with their professors?
Why students with special needs shouldn’t be taught parately
技术
Why we still need paper books in the Internet era
How online money change the way people do business worldwide
The influence of artificial intelligence creation on evolution
Do technologies destroy our language and physical communication?
Can we live without smartphones today?
How social media networks become news makers and what the conquences might be Should parents control their kids’ u of the Internet?
Is there a risk that robots at work will lead to the enormous jobless rate
体育
Do elite sportsmen derve their enormous income?
Why colleges spend so much money on sports programs
Do sports have any effect on students’ academic level?
Why we continue shaming cheerleaders for what they do
Should sports bets be banned from the industry?
What to do with a salary gap in male and female sports
Chess is a real sport to train the most important muscle in the human body
Why we need to stop using animals in sports
性别问题
The biggest challenges for women in the workplace
Why should men suffer from others’ prejudices about masculinity
Is legal prostitution a woman’s rights issue?
Why religious institutions believe they have a right for birth control
What is the biggest challenge for female politicians?
Should abortion be legal?
Why we still consider it’s not okay for men to take maternity leave
Who said that “a real man” and “a real woman” look like this?
⼼理
How emotional state depends on our past memories
Should we believe in precognitive dreams?
Is mid-life crisis real?
Why “just do it” mantra doesn’t work
How culturally diver classrooms help broaden our minds
Why music can be the best medicine from stress
That’s how optimism can prevent us from lf-growth
Chocolate as a cure from depression: true or fal?
动物
Why stop dressing your pets like humans
Is it ethical to keep exotic animals at home?
Should we prohibit using animals for entertainment?
Why keeping animals in zoos is inhumane
What can be an alternative to using animals for medical studies?
What’s so special about pandas, so people consider them #1 species to protect?
Should be people who leave their pets outside or in shelters punished?
Why some fashion brands continue using fur and e nothing wrong with that
健康
What’s wrong with the idea of free healthcare for everyone
When it’s okay to perform medical experiments on people
What can we do to cope with constantly increasing aging population
Should the whole healthcare system become private?
Is it ethical to forcibly quarantine people who have terminal illness?
How the social and economic environment affect people’s health in the 21st century
Can we call coffee or chocolate addictions a dia?
Is it okay to u medical knowledge that was gained from unethical experiments?
道德问题 (ethics)
Should we legalize prostitution/drug u?
Is it okay to lie to someone to not hurt their feelings?
Is it right for a college to have racial quotas that benefit minorities?
Why far from all people agree to recognize homoxuality a norm
Can we make reference to religion when speaking about women’s rights and freedoms?
Should a person be allowed a gun for defending his home from robbers?
Why it’s okay to eat cows while it’s wrong to eat cats
Is it ethical for a doctor to say no to a patient unable to pay for surgery?
When fast food can be considered healthy
What was first, a chicken or an egg?
Do we live better than our grandparents?
Why nothing can substitute money as a way to control exchange relations
Should we say no to fixed schedules in school and at work?
Is legalization of weed really beneficial to the economy?
Why emotional intelligence is more important today to have
Should a person know the exact date of his depart?
⽆论你选择哪种议论⽂结构或你的议论⽂题⽬是什么， argumentative essay的⽬的反正应该通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是⾮提出你个⼈主张。
