英语文章：论语中看孔子思想
Xiaonan Jiang
Midterm Paper (Confucius and the Analects)
The Analects is a famous book that has influenced Chine thoughts for thousands of years. As the saying goes, half Analects rules the world, thus it can be en that the Analects is very important to the political field. Now I will characterize the political philosophy of early Confucianism as it is expresd in the Analects.
First, the Analects suggests that the government should build a good leadership. Confucius attaches great importance to the leadership in the function of the political field, and he asks the leader must first make some achievements in morals, otherwi will be unable to lead the lower class of people. Confucius divides people in the society into two class, namely "junzi" and "xiaoren". Before Confucius, the original meanings of the two words were leaders and their subordinates. In the era of Confucius, the words began to having the m
oral n. The Analects says: The relation between superiors and inferiors is like that between the wind and the grass. The grass must bend, when the wind blows across it. Combing the moral elements into the words which reprented the the regulators and the regulated previously, the Confucians thinks that a leader should be a virtuous person. Also, Confucius suggests that the leader should t a good example to the mass. When Chi K’ang asked Confucius about government, Confucius replied: to govern means to rectify. If you lead on the people with correctness, who will dare not to be correct? Confucius also said that if a person was not covetous, although you reward him to do it, he would not steal. The examples illustrate that the governor should lead his men in a charge and
take the lead in doing good.
心似双丝网Then the Analects propos a right strategy of administering the country: Ruling the country by virtue. The Mater says: If the people are led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no n o
f shame. If they are led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them propriety, they will have the n of shame, and moreover will become good. Confucius here compares two kinds of ways to run a country: ruling the country by laws and by virtue. He thinks using laws to deter citizens from crimes will only scratch the surface. But through the rule of virtue, people will establish the view of honor and disgrace, having the n of shame, so they will measure their behaviors with this standard before doing anything. Obviously, leading by virtue is better than leading by laws becau of its effect of a permanent cure. Particularly, I summarize three specific methods that Confucius advis. First, the government should win the trust of the people. When Tsze-kung asked about government, Confucius said that from of old, death has been the lot of all men; but if the people have no faith in their rulers, there is no standing for the state. In Confucius’ view, the faith is more important than economy and military and it is the fundamental factor of ruling a country. If we have to abandon two out of three, we should hold the faith. Second, the government should appoint officials on their merits. Whether an official is talented or not is suggested by the will of the people. According to the Analects, an official
should advance the upright and t aside the crooked, then the people will submit. If he advances the crooked and t aside the upright, then the people won’t submit.
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Third, it is very important to civilize people. Zan Yu asked Confucius when the people have been enriched, what shall be done? The Master answered: Teach them. If everyone improves his spirit level, having a good character, then the ultimate goal of forming a moral society will be achieved.
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The core idea of running a country by virtue I think is carrying out the concept “ren” which means humaneness. There are many kinds of characters stated by Confucius as virtues, but the most important one which Confucius focus on is humaneness. “Ren” is a very complicated concept in Confu cius’ philosophical system becau when I read the Analects, I found Confucius once explained the concept of “ren” in many different ways to his six students such as Tsze-kung, Fan Zhang and Yen Yuan. But generally, in my opinion I think the main point of “ren” is the love between persons or human affectivity. The benevolent loves others. Love can form a harmonious society, so “Ren” is the spirit of the virtue.
The practical social norms to rule the country by virtue is performing “li” (礼). The Confucius says: If a prince is able to govern his kingdom with the complaisance proper to the rules of propriety, what difficulty will he have? He also says that the superior man in everything considers righteousness to be esntial and he performs it according to the rules of propriety. So I have the reason to believe that Confucius thinks ruling a country should be bad on “li” and “li” is a form of expression of the virtue.
大提琴英文Confucius lived in the late spring and Autumn period with much political chaos. Since the Z hou dynasty moved to the east, it declined gradually to the extent that didn’t
交接班记录have the strength to contend with loca. Military states waged war with each other to fight for land and small stats were swallowed up by rising states. Within the states, the powerful bureaucrats often went against their superiors and overthrew the previous leader. Unrest occurred from time to time. Confucius says in the Analects: When good government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the son of Heaven. When bad government prevails in the empire, ceremoni
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es, music and punitive military expeditions proceed from the princes. Under the circumstances, becau it was the times that emphasized on the strength, the ancient ceremony and music system descended from King Wen and King Wu of the Western Zhou dynasty collapd. The society was morally bankrupt. So it led to Confucius to restore the past system of rites and music. He wants to reconstruct a harmonious and moral society remble the early Zhou dynasty. So we can say that the social problems cloly relate to Confucius’ political philosophy.
As for Confucius and his followers social background, they all have the strong will to enter politics although Confucius’ own political career was not very successful. Becau of his unsuccessful political career, Confucius spends more time in education. So his political thoughts are tremendously educational. Also it is worthwhile to note that Confucius is a native of the state Lu（鲁）. One of the characteristics of the state Lu is that it completely retains the ritual of the Zhou dynasty. And I think the environment may affect Confucius’ idea of restoring the ritual and performing “li”. Although Confucius has gone for more than two thousand years, the precious spiritual wealth he left still has signif闪电一瞥
icant meaning to modern people. We should carry
forward the achievements and cultivate our morals.
