1 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.
1.Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
2.general linguistics is the study of language as a whole
3.pqq远程协助rescriptive linguistic is to lay down rules for language ur. Descriptive尼克胡哲 is to describe the language phonemen a as they are .and is object and more scientific .
4.synchronic linguistic deal with the description of a language at some point of time in history .modern linguistic is synchronic .diachronic deal with de description of a language as it change through time or study of it’s historical development over a period of time.
5.F.de Saussure define langue is the abstract linguistic system share by all the members of a speech community .parole refers to realization of langue in actual u .
6.competence is the idea ur’s knowledge of the rules of his language ,while performance is actual 二楼反水realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
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7.the different between traditional grammar and modern grammar is that traditional grammar is prescriptive, while modern grammar is descriptive that traditional grammar tend to emphasize the important of writing while modern grammar force language into a latin-ba framework.
8.Charles Hockett design feature of language :①arbitrariness means language is arbitray by nature ,ie,there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds . ②productivity refers to the fact that language makes possible construction and interpretation of new signals by it’s urs.which is why they can produce and understand large number ntences including ntences they have never hear.③double articulation refers to the duality of structure .the fact that language is a system which consist of two t of structure or two levels .As lower or the ba level there is a structure of sounds ,which meaningless by themlves ,but sounds of language can be regrouped and regrouped into a large number unit of meaning which are found at higher level of the system.④displacement is the property that language can be ud to refer to things which are prent or not prent ,real or image matters ,in past ,prent ,or future or in far- way
place.This feature provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things.⑤cultural transmission refers to a fact that language is culturally trasmisd .in other words ,language is pasd on from one generation to next through teaching and learning.
9.phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.
10.语言学的三个分支：phonetics look at speech from three distinct but related perspective: the speaker, the hearer and the way of sound travels ,this give ri to three branches of phonetics : articulatory phonetic ,auditory phonetic and acoustic phonetics .Articulatory phonetics is a study of sounds from speakers points of view .ie.How a speaker u his speech or gans to articulate the sounds. A uditory phonetic is a study of sounds from the hearer’对韵歌全文s point of view .ie. how the sounds are perceive by the hearer . acoustic phonetic is a study of how sounds tavel by looking at the sound waves .the physical mean by which sounds are transimitted through the air from one person to another.
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11.diacritics (语言符号)as some speech sounds produced differ only in some detailed aspect ,the IPA provides its urs with another t of symbols.
空调维修工具12.broad transcription is the transcription with letter symbols only .while narrow transcription is the transcription with diacritic .for example ；the sound /l/ intranscription as dark or clear sound in different context .broad transcription is widely u in today’s text book and dictionary .
13.phonology and phonetics both study human sounds ,but they differ in their approach and focus .phonology deal with how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how the sounds are us to convey meaning in linguistic communication .phonetics ,however is interested in all human speech sounds and deal with how they are produced ,how they differ from each other .what phonetic feature they posss , how they can be classified and so on.
14.phone is a phonetic unit or gment .the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication .
15.phoneme is a phononlogical unit ;it is a unit that is of distinctive value;it is an abstract unit.it is not any particular sound ,but rather it is reprented pr realize by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.
16.allophone is that the different phones which can reprent a phoneme in different phonetic environment .
17.phonemic contrast(音位对立)；it can be easy to obrve that phonetically similar sounds might be relatedin two ways .if they are two distinctive phones ,.eg /p/and /b/ in /pit/and /bit/.
cad怎么缩小18.minimal pair is such a pair of different forms as identical in every way except for one sound gment which occurs in the same place in the strings(as pill and till)
19.complementary distribution (互补分布) aris when allophone of phone are related to each other in that they do not distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution.
