1.Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?
First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language.
Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it rves a wider range of purpos
Finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.
66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?
The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual u. Langue is the t of conventions and rules which language urs all have to follow while parole is the concrete u of the conventions
and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually u, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.
2．What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How do they differ?
One of the oldest was the naming theory, propod by the ancient Greek scholar Plato, who believed that the words ud in a language are taken to be la-bels of the objects they stand for. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a lin-guistic form and what it refers to. The form and the meaning are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Contextualism is bad on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to obrvable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized; the situational context and the linguistic context.
For example, the meaning of the word "al" in the ntence "The al could not be found" can only be determined ac-cording to the context in which the ntence occurs:
我的家乡150字The al could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried.
(al meaning an aquatic mammal)
古代乐器
The al could not be found. The king became worried.
(al meaning the king's stamp)
Behaviorism drew on behaviorist psychology when he tried to define the meaning of linguistic forms. Behaviorists attempted to de-fine the meaning of a language form as " the situation in which the speaker utters it and the respon it calls forth in the hearer".
3.Discuss with examples some of the linguistic differences between Standard English and Black English.
偏偏这时候
One of the most prominent phonological characteristics of Black English is the frequent simplification of consonant clusters at the end of words when one of the two consonants is an alveolar /t/, /d/, /s/, or /z/. The application of this simplification rule may delete the past - ten morpheme, so "past "and "pasd "are both pronounced like "pass."
Another salient characteristic of Black English phonological system con-cerns the deletion of some word-final stop consonants in words like "side" and "borrowed." Speakers of Black English frequently delete the word-fi-nal stops, pronouncing “side” like “sigh” and “borrowed” like “borrow.”
二月映泉>书评是什么意思 One prominent syntactic feature is the frequent abnce of various forms of the copula "be" in Black English, which are required of Standard Eng-lish. Compare the following expressions in Black English and Standard Eng-lish:
(1) Black English Standard English
They mine. They' re mine.
You crazy. You re crazy.
Another distinctive syntactic feature of Black English is the systematic u of die expression "it is" where Standard English us "there is " in the n of “there exists” :
Is it a Mr. Johnson in this office?
南宝拉Another aspect of Black English is the u of double negation constructions. Whenever the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns "something", "some-body", and "some" become the negative indefinites "nothing", "nobody", and "none", for example:
He don't know nothing. (He doesn't know anything.)
4.How does a ntence meaning differ from an utterance meaning?
个人陈述报告
A ntence meaning is of-ten considered as the intrinsic property of the ntence itlf in terms of a predication. It is abstract and independent of context. The meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. The utterance meaning is bad on ntence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a ntence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. For example, “There is a dog at the door”. The speaker could utter it as a matter- of- fact state-ment, telling the hearer that the dog is at the door. The speaker could u it as a warning, asking the hearer not to approach the door. There are other possibilities, too. So, the understanding of the utterance meaning of “There is a dog at the door” de-pends on the context in which it is ut
tered and the purpo for which the speaker utters it.
向领导汇报
