(一) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.
Language design features: 1.Arbitrariness 2.Duality 3.Productivity 4.Displacement 5.Cultural
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
The scope of linguistics: 1. phonetics语音学the study of how speech sounds are produced and classified.
2. Phonology音系学 the study of how sounds form systems and function to convey meaning 3. morphology 形态学:the study of the form of words 4. syntax 句法学the study of how words and phras are combined to form ntences 5. mantics语义学 : the study of meaning 6. pragmatics 语用学: the study of meaning in context of u 7. historical linguistics 历史语言学: the study of language change
Parole 言语---- the realization of langue in actual u.
Competence 语言能力---- the ideal ur’s knowledge of the rules of his language
(二) Phonetics(语音学)：A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription
Articulatory phonetics发利润分析报告音语音学----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds”;Auditory phonetics声学语音学----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”;Acoustic phonetics听觉语音学---from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another
Phonetics & phonology音位学和语音学：Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds ud in all human languages; it aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how the sounds are ud to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
Speech organ发音器官: three important areas：Pharyngeal cavity ---- the throat; The oral
cavity ---- the mouth; Nasal cavity ---- the no
Classification of English speech sounds: Vowels and Consonants(世说新语是一部什么小说集元音辅音分类)
（发音方式）stops/plosives:塞音 [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g];
fricatives:擦音 [f], [v], [s], [z], [W], [T], [F], [V], [h];
affricates: 塞擦音[tF], [dV];
liquids:流音 [l] [r];
nasals:鼻音 [m], [n], [N];
glides/mivowels:半元音 [w], [j].
（发音部位）
bilabial:双唇音 [p], [b], [m], [w];
labiodental:加标回收唇齿音 [ f ], [v];
dental:齿音 [W], [T];
alveolar:齿龈音 [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [r];
palatal: 闻鸡起舞造句硬腭音[F], [V], [tF], [dV], [ j ];
velar:软腭音 [k], [g], [N];
glottal: 声门音[h].
元音
front vowels: [I:], [I], [e], [Z], [A], [B];
central vowels: [E:], [E], [Q];
back vowels: [u:], [u], [C:], [C], [B:].
Clo: [I:], [I], [u:], [u].
怎么添加目录Semi-clo: [e], [E:];
Semi-open: [E], [C];
Open: [A], [B], [C], [B:], [Q];
rounded: [u:], [u], [C:], [C];
unrounded: [I:], [I], [e], [Z], [A], [B], [E:], [E], [Q], [B:].
long: [I:], [E:], [u:], [C:], [B:]
short: [I], [e], [Z], [A], [E], [Q], [B], [u], [C].
Diphthongs/gliding vowels：[ei], [ai], [aU], [EU], [Ri], [iE], [ZE], [UE].
李克用A phone---- a phonetic unit or gment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
Phoneme音素---- is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is reprented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context
Allophone音位变体---- the phones that can reprent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.
Phonemic contrast音素比较:Phonemic contrast----different or distinctive phonemes are in phonemic contrast
Complementary distribution互爱在网络里补分布----allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.
Minimal pair少数对----when two different forms are identical (the same) in every way except for one sound gment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair
(三略) 喜形于色的反义词Morphology形态学 refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
Derivational morphemes派生语素---- are affixes added to an existing form to create a word. Inflectional morphemes曲折语素---- the morphemes which are for the most part pu
rely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as ten, number, ca and so on; they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaning
Morphological rules：The rules that govern the formation of words
(四) Syntax句法学：a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form ntences and the rules that govern the formation of ntences.
