Chapter I
1.Linguistics is usually defined as the science小星星吉他简谱 study of language
2.what are major branches of linguistics?
Phonetics----it studies the sounds ud in linguistics communication.
Phonology编辑工作---it studies how sounds are put together and ud to convey the meaning in communication.
Morphology---it studies the way in which linguistic symbol reprenting sounds are arranged and combined to form words.
Syntax-------it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible ntence in languages.
Semantics---it studies meaning convey by language.
Pragmatics---it studies the meaning in the context of language u.
废物利用小制作
Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society.
Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind.
Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.
4. The definitions of important distinctions in lingustics: Who distinguished them?
（1）descriptive VS. presriptive;
Descriptive宫颈筛查怎么做(描写式):describe and analyze the language people actually u.
eg: American don’t say “I’ll give you some color e e.”
Prescriptive(规定式): laying down rules for “correct and standard”behaviour in using language.
eg: Don’t say “I’ll give you some color e e.”
（2）synchronic VS. diachronic;
Synchronic study(共时性) --- description of a language at some point of time
Diachronic study(历时性) --- description of a language through the cour of its history (historical development of language over a period of time)
（3）speech and writing
Speech is prior to writing
（4）langue & parole; 美丽母亲们的哀羞
Langue: (语言) the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
Parole: (话语) the realization of langue in actual u.
（5）competence and performance.
Competence:(语言能力.)he ideal ur’s knowledge of the rules of his language
Performance:(语言运用.)the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
（6）traditional grammar and modern linguistic
Traditional grammar prescriptive：tend to emphasize the importance of written word：force language into Latin-ba framework.
Modern linguistic description； spoken language as primary
5.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.
6.Design Features
It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性
Productivity多产性
Duality双重性
Displacement移位性
Cultural transmission文化传递
7. Jakobson’s classification of functions of language.
行政复议申请1).Referential function 所指功能 2).Poetic function诗学功能 3).Emotive function感情功能
4).Conative function意动功能 5).Phatic function交感功能 6).Metalingual元语言功能
Hu Zhuanglin’ classification of functions of language and u some examples to illustrate them.
1).Informative function 信息功能 2).Interpersonal function 人际功能 3).Performative function 施为功能4).Emotive function 感情功能 5).Phatic communion 交感性谈话 6).Recreational function 娱乐性功能盐亭职业技术学校 7).Metalingual function 元语言功能
Chapter 2 Phonology
1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language.
2. Three branches of phonetics
Articulatory发音语音学 speaker’s point of views
Auditory-听觉语音学 hear’s point of views
Acoustic-声学语音学 sound waves
3. broad transcription: 宽式标音 the transcriptions with letter-symbols only张安国
narrow transcription 窄式标音 the transcriptions with letter-symbols together with the diacritics
4.phonology 音位学and phonetics语音学are concerned with the same aspect of language –– the speech sounds. But while both are related to the study of sounds,, they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds ud in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they posss, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how the sounds are ud to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
