Chapter 5 Semantics
一、定义
1.命名论The naming theory
The naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also a very primitive one was propod by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words,the words ud in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for, so words are just names or labels for things.
2.意念论The conceptualist view
It holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather ,in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.
3.语境论Conceptualism
It’s bad on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to obs
ervable contexts. her are two kinds of context: the situational and the linguistic context.
4.行为主义论Behaviorism
It refers to the attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the” situation in which the speaker utters it and the respon it calls forth in the hearer”. this theory somewhat clo to conceptualism emphasizes on the psychological respon.
5.意义Sen
中国大黄片 It’s concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It’s the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, it’s abstract and de-contextualized.
6.所指意义Reference
拯救生命 It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
7.同义词Synonymy
It refers to the sameness or clo similarity of meaning or we can say that words are clo in meaning are called synonyms.
8.多义词Polymy
It refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning.
9.同音(形)异义Homonymy
It refers to the phenomenon that words have different meanings have the same form, i.e, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
聪明的小空空10.同音异义Homophones
五百字日记
春节加班工资 It refers to two words are identical in sound. e.g. rain/reign.
11.镇远古镇旅游攻略同形异义Homographs
It refers to two words are identical in form .e.g. tear v./tear n.
12.上下义关系Hyponymy
It refers to the n relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. the word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.
13.反义词Antonymy
It’s the term ud for oppositeness of meaning on different dimension.
14.成分分析法Componential Analysis----分析词汇抽象意义
It’s a way propod by the structural manticists to analyze word meaning.
this approach is bad upon the belief that meaning of a word can be discted into meaning components, called mantic features.
15.述谓结构分析Predication Analysis 由British Linguist G.Leech提出
表达情绪的词语 It’s a new approach for ntential meaning analysis.
Predication is usually considered an important common category shared by propositions, questions, commands ect.
通过对论元argument和谓语predicate的分析，达到对句子意义进行分析的许多模式中的一种。 节约用水名言
16.先设前提Presupposition
It’s a mantic relationship or logical connection. A presuppos B.
17.蕴涵Entailment
Entailment can be illustrated by the following tow ntences in which ntence A entails ntence B.
A: Mark married a blonde heiress.
B: Mark married a blonde.
二、知识点
1.Major views of meaning study:
The naming Theory-----希腊Scholar Plato
The conceptualism-----观点代表人是John Firth,但Bloomfield阐述更有说服力
The Conceptualist view----Ogden和Richards用classic mantic triangle of
significance
The Behaviorism-----英国Bloomfield提出，使用了Jack和 Jill故事阐明
The naming theory的局限性:
⑴It’s only applicable to Nouns only.
⑵Within the category of nouns, there are nouns which denote things that don’t exist in the real world. n
2.Lexical meaning reference
3.主要的意义关系
Synonymy ;Antonymy; Hyponymy; Polymy; homonymy
4. (1)Dialectal synonyms—synonyms ud in different regional dialects
Synonyms (2)Stylistic synonyms---Synonyms differing in style
分类 (3)Synonyms that different in their emotive or evaluative meaning
(4)Semantically different synonyms
例子：
(1)British English Lift Luggage Lorry Petrol Flat windscreen torch
American English Elevator Baggage Truck Gasoline Apartment windshield flashlight
(2)kick the bucket=pop off=die=pass away=decea
