第一章 介绍
Applied linguistics运用语言学：findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics.
Descriptive描述性的：if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually u, it is said to be descriptive.
Prescriptive规定性的：if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i. e. to tell people what they should say and what the should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.
Synchronic共时的：the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.登记制度
synchronic study共时研究: The study of a language at some point in time. e.g. A study of the features of the English ud in Shakespeare’s time is a synchronic study.
榨豆浆Diachronic 历时的：the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
Diachronic study灯谜老人历时研究: The study of a language as it changes through time. A diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. e.g. a study of the changes English has undergone since Shakespeare’s time is a diachronic study.
Langue语言：refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Langue is abstract.
Parole言语：refers to the realization of langue in actual u. Parole is concrete.
Competence：(N. Chomsky) defines as the ideal ur’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
Performance：defines as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
Design features?
Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 设计特点是指界定性质的人类区别于其他动物的交际系统。
特点：
(1) arbitrariness. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For example: the fact that different sounds are ud to refer to the same object in different languages.
(2) productivity生成性: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its urs.
(3) duality双重性：language is a system, which consists of two ts of structures or two levels.
(4) displacement移位性：language can be ud to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.
(5) cultural transmission文化的传播: While we are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.
第二章土豆饼怎么做 phonology音系学
phonology适应英文: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how the sounds are ud to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
Phonetics语音学: is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language语言的声音媒介.
The three branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics发声语音学, auditory phonetics听觉语音学, and acoustic phonetics声响语音学 respectively.
辅音分类见本子
Phone音素：is a phonetic语音的 unit or gment.
Phoneme音位：继光香香鸡is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.
Allophones音位变体：refers to the different phones which can reprent a phoneme in different phonetic environments. For example [l] and [l]
Phonemic contrast音位对立：phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonemic contrast.
Complementary distribution互补分布：if they are allophones of the same phoneme, then they do not distinguish meaning, but complement each other in distribution, i.e. they occur in different phonetic environments.
Minimal pair最小对：when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound gment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combination
s are said to form a minimal pair. For examples, pill and bill are a minimal pair.
第三章 morphology形态学
Morphology: refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.
Morphemes词素—the minimal units of meaning. The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.
Derivational morphemes派生词素(do not change grammatical class)：a verb, for example is formed by adding –en to the adjective black, -包怎么写-blacken. –en, -ate,-ic are thus called derivational morphemes, becau when they are conjoined to other morphemes(or words)a new word is derived, or formed.
社保统筹Inflectional morphemes屈折词素：they are attached to words or morphemes, but they never change their syntactic category.
