二年级寒假日记100字
2017年北京第二外国语学院812综合考试(英2)考研真题及详解
第一部分语言学(50分)
Ⅰ. Multiple Choices (10 points, 1 point each)
Directions:For each of the following ten unfinished statements, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choo the one that best completes the statement. Plea write your answer on the Answer Sheet
1. _____ linguistics is also called theoretical linguistics becau it does not deal with practical problems related with language.
A. General
B. Applied
C. Corpus
D. Socio
【答案】A十二生肖的来历
【解析】语言学的宏观分类,按照一般与个别的分类标准,分为普通语言学(General Linguistics)和具体语言学(Specific Linguistics)。普通语言学是指从理论上研究人类各种语言所共有的规律以及各种语言在结构上的共同特点的一门语言学分支学科。而按照理论与实践的分类标准,分为理论语言学(Theoretical Linguistics)和应用语言学(Applied Linguistics)。应用语言学是指运用语言学的理论知识来解决其他学科领域的各种问题的语言学分支学科。而Corpus linguistics(语料库语言学)是指利用计算机对语言材料进行分析处理,以判断该语言的语言结构等。Sociolinguistics(社会语言学)是指运用语言学和
社会学等学科的理论和方法,从不同的社会科学的角度去研究语言的社会本质和差异的一门学科。由题意,应选A。
2. _____ refers to the obstruction of the air stream caud by the tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge, such as in the production of [t].
A. Stop
B. Dental
C. Alveolar
D. Glide
【答案】C
【解析】考查辅音的分类。根据发音部位,主要分为双唇音(bilabials),唇齿音(labiodental),齿音(dental),齿龈音(alveolar),硬腭音(palatal),软腭音(velar),声门音(glottal);而按照发音方式,可分为爆破音(stops),磨擦音(fricatives),破擦音(affricates),鼻音(nasals),流音(liquids),滑音(Glides)。由题意,舌端和齿龈形成阻碍成音,即为齿龈音,常见辅音有[t] [d] [s] [z] [ts] [dz] [n] [l],故C项正确。
3. _____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
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A. Phoneme
B. Morpheme
C. Word
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D. Sign
【答案】B
【解析】语言中最小的不可再分的意义单位是词素(morpheme),词素还具有变体形式,在语言学中称为词素变体allomorph。而phoneme。指“音位”,具体语言中能够区分词的语音形式作用的最小的语音单位。故B正确。
4. The word “hospitalize”is an example of _____ in terms of word formation.
A. Derivation
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B. Compound
C. Inflection
D. Clipping
【答案】A
【解析】考查英语构词法。常见的有:Conversion(词性转化法),Acronym(首字母缩略词),Clipping(截短法),派生法(derivation),合成法(compounding),混合法(blending)。hospitalize是由hospital加后缀-ize构成的,即属于派生法。故选A。
5. Saussure’s linguistic theory was called structural linguistics becau in his theory, and even in the linguistic theories after him, the notion of structure or _____ is of special significance.
A. grammar
B. syntax美国女歌手
C. form
D. system
【答案】D
【解析】索绪尔主张,研究语言学,首先是研究语言的系统(结构),开结构主义的先河。由此可知,该空应填“系统”即system。
6. In Saussure’s view, a sign is just like a coin. It has two sides. One is the signifier, the other is called the _____.
A. significant
B. signified
C. sign梦见前男友是什么意思
D. index
【答案】B
【解析】索绪尔认为语言是一种符号系统,符号由“能指”(signifier)和“所指”(signified)两部分组成。“能指”指语言的声音形象,“所指”指语言所反映的事物的概念。
7. Derivational morpheme contrasts sharply with inflectional morpheme in that the former changes the _____ while the latter does not.
A. meaning
B. word class
C. form
D. speech sound
【答案】B
【解析】morpheme语素,分为自由语素和黏着语素,其中黏着语素包括词根和词缀两种类型,词缀分为派生词缀(derivational affixes)和屈折词缀(inflectional affixes)。派
生词缀黏附在词根语素上构成新词,也即增加了新的词汇义内容或改变了词的类别归属。屈折词缀只能改变一个词的形式,不能构成新词。也即屈折词缀增加的是表示句法范畴的意义,并且总是不改变词的类别归属。即两者重要区别在于是否改变了词的类别,故B为正确答案。
8. Generally speaking, there are six parts of speech in English. They are subject, predicate, object, a
ttributive, adverbial and _____.
A. ca
B. mood
C. article
D. complement
【答案】D
【解析】英语句子的组成部分,包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和同位语八种,而通常认为“句子主干主谓宾,枝叶部分定状补。”
9. While traditional grammarians were more concerned with _____ meaning, philosophers have been more
concerned with ntence meaning.
A. word
香港查册B. clau
C. discour
D. syllable
【答案】A
【解析】关于语言学的研究,语言学家只关心词组成短语、短语组成句子、句法如何,即语言理论;而哲学家则更关注于词怎么能表示万物万事,如何用词来描述。由此可知正确答案为A。
10. In “How to do things with words”Austin argues that some ntences do not
describe things, the uttering of which is, or is a part of, the doing of an action. So they are called _____.
A. constatives
B. locutionary acts
C. performatives
D. perlocutionary act
【答案】C
【解析】英国哲学家奥斯汀提出“言语行为理论”,指出句子有两类:施为句(performatives)和表述句(constatives)。在《怎样用词做事》(How to Do Things with Words)中,奥斯汀认为有些句子并不是用来描述事物的,没有真假,而是实施某种行为,所以这些句子称为施为句,其中的动词叫施为性动词。故C为正确答案。
Ⅱ. Short-Answer Questions (20 points/5 points each)
Directions: There are four questions below. Plea give short answers to them in English on the Answer Sheet.
1. Focus on /l/ and /d/ in Setswana, a language spoken in Southern Africa.