六年级好词>力量的英语新托福TPO12阅读原文(一):Which Hand Did They U?
TPO12-1：Which Hand Did They U?特别的你作文
We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory?Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elwhere,and in many Ice Age caves in France,Spain,and Tasmania.When a left hand has been stenciled,this implies that the artist was right-handed,and vice versa.Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation.One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of cour look as if it were a right hand.Of158stencils in the French cave of Gargas,136have been identified as left,and only22as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.
数学家的故事50字左右Cave art furnishes other types of evidence of this phenomenon.Most engravings, for example,are best lit from the left,as befits the work of right-handed artists,who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush.In the few cas where an Ice Age figure is depicted holding something,it is mostly,though not always,in the right hand.
卷石底以出Clues to right-handedness can also be found by other methods.Right-handers tend to have longer,stronger,and more muscular bones on the right side,and Marcellin Boule as long ago as1911noted the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal skeleton had a right upper arm bone that was noticeably stronger than the left.Similar obrvations have been made on other Neanderthal skeletons such as La Ferrassie I and Neanderthal itlf.
Fractures and other cut marks are another source of evidence.Right-handed soldiers tend to be wounded on the left.The skeleton of a40-or50-year-old Nabatean warrior,buried2,000years ago in the Negev Dert,Israel,had multiple healed fractures to the skull,the left arm,and the ribs.
疯狂的石头影评
Tools themlves can be revealing.Long-handed Neolithic spoons of yew wood prerved in Alpine villages dating to3000B.C.have survived;the signs of rubbing on their left side indicate that their urs were right-handed.The late Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux consists of fibers spiraling to the right,and was therefore tresd by a righthander.
Occasionally one can determine whether stone tools were ud in the right hand or the left,and it is even possible to asss how far back this feature can be traced.In stone toolmaking experiments,Nick Toth,a right-hander,held the core(the stone that would become the tool)in his left h
and and the hammer stone in his right.As the tool was made,the core was rotated clockwi,and the flakes,removed in quence,had a little crescent of cortex(the core's outer surface)on the side.Toth's knapping produced56percent flakes with the cortex on the right,and44percent left-oriented flakes.A left-handed toolmaker would produce the opposite pattern.Toth has applied the criteria to the similarly made pebble tools from a number of early sites(before 1.5million years)at Koobi Fora,Kenya,probably made by Homo habilis.At ven sites he found that57percent of the flakes were right-oriented,and43percent left,a pattern almost identical to that produced today.
About90percent of modern humans are right-handed:we are the only mammal with a preferential u of one hand.The part of the brain responsible for fine control and movement is located in the left cerebral hemisphere,and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already asymmetrical in its structure and function not long after2million years ago.Among Neanderthalers of70,000–35,000years ago, Marcellin Boule noted that the La Chapelle-aux-Saints individual had a left
hemisphere slightly bigger than the right,and the same was found for brains of specimens from Neanderthal,Gibraltar,and La Quina.
TPO12-1译文：他们到底用哪只手?
我们都知道，现在的人们更多是使用右手而非左手。能不能在史前查找出这一相似的状况呢?有太多的来自澳大利亚地区的石屋中模板和字迹以及冰河期法国西班牙以及塔斯马尼亚地区的岩洞上搜集到的证据证明右手较之于左手的优势。当一个左手被用于塑模时暗示了制作他的工匠惯于使用右手，反之亦然。即使是制作一幅画作需要用嘴喷涂，也可以想象惯用手是如何在这一过程中起到协助作用的。另一个假设是被用于塑模的手手掌向下-一只左手塑模朝上也许让它看起来像一只右手。在法国Gargas岩洞中的158个模板中，有136个鉴定确认为左手，只有22个是右手；右手习惯毫无疑问是据绝对主导地位的。
长枪短炮岩洞艺术的其他形式也为这一现象提供了依据。例如大多数的雕版都是左起的光照最好，因为是配合惯用右手的工匠的工作，他们经常喜欢让光线从左边照过来以便他们手的影子不会投射在雕板工具或是刷子的末端。很多冰河时期的雕塑都被雕刻为拿着一些物品的摸样，尽管不是绝对的，但是起码大多数都是放在右手上。
其他方法也能找出使用右手习惯的线索。右撇子的右侧身体会趋于更长，更壮且更多肌肉的骨骼,Marcellin Boule早在1911提到的一块名为La Chapelle-aux-Saints的尼安德特人的右上臂骨架骨骼要明显强壮于左侧。对其他尼安德特人的骨架的调查也得到了类似的结果。例如la Ferrassie1和尼安德特人本身。
断裂痕与割伤痕也是论据的另一来源。右撇子勇士一般都是左侧容易受伤。在内盖夫的戈壁中被埋了2000多年的一个40～50岁之间的Nabatean勇士的骨架，在他的头部、左臂和肋骨上有多处已愈合的伤痕。
工具的本身也会反映这一现象。新石器时代的紫杉木的长柄勺从史前3000年一直完好的保存到现在；它左侧的磨痕证明了它们的主人惯用右手。在法国的拉斯科斯岩洞艺术找到的冰川时代末期的绳子是由向右旋转的纤维捆成的，当然也就证实了出自右撇子之手。
偶尔也能确定石器是左手使用还是右手使用，甚至可以查出这些特征是在多久前的过去被留下的。在石器制造试验中，Nick toth，一个右撇子用左手拿着一个石胚(就是一块是要成为工具的石头)同时用右手抡锤。由于工具的作用，胚子顺时针的旋转的同时，小碎片一点点的去掉，在一侧留下月牙状的表层(石头胚子的表面)。Toth’s的敲打产生的碎痕56%留在了右侧的表面，44%留在了左侧朝向的碎痕。一个左撇子工匠则会生产出相反的花纹，Toth将这种标准对照到数个在Kombi Fora(距今一百五十万年前)发现的类似卵石工具上，他在7个地点找到的57%的碎痕是右侧朝向，而百43%是左侧朝向，就和今天我们所生产的花纹一样。
大约90%的现代人是右撇子；我们都是只是优先使用一只手的哺乳动物。大脑负责良好的控制行动的区域位于脑部的左半球，这也证明的人类大脑的机构和功能上的不对称性在两百万年前就已经定型了。
在距今70000到35000年的尼安德特人中，Marcellin Boule发现La Chapelle-aux-Saints(某人种吧)个体的大脑左
半球稍微比右边大一点，与之类似的也被发现在尼安德特人、直布罗陀人和拉昆尼亚人种的脑型中。
新托福TPO12阅读原文(二):Transition to Sound in Film
TPO12-2：Transition to Sound in Film
The shift from silent to sound film at the end of the1920s marks,so far,the most important transformation in motion picture history.Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then,no single innovation has come clo to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed.In nearly every language,however the words are phrad,the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak.
Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes.Nearly every movie theater,however modest,had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures.In many instances,spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate
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aural prentations alongside movies' visual images,from the Japane benshi(narrators)crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States.In Berlin,for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin,film director Sergei Einstein worked with Austrian compor Edmund Meil(1874-1930)on a musical score matching sound to image;the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.
Beyond that,the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the1920s.New color process,larger or differently
