Chapter 1 The Anglo—Saxon Period
1 The earliest ttlers of the British Isles were the Celts, who originally lived in the upper Rhineland and migrated to the British Isles五行方位 about 600 B。 C。
2. About 400 to 300 B。 C. ， the Brythons， a branch of the Celts， came to the British Isles and from them came the name Britain。 The culture of the Celts belonged to an early stage of the iron age.
3 From 55 B。 C。 to 407 A。 D. , the British Isles were under the rule of the Roman Empire。 At that time the Roman Empire was a slave society。
4 It ruled over Europe and had a high level of the civilization. The Romans defeated the Celts and became the master of the British Isles. It was during the Roman occupation that London was founded。
5 The first Roman general who came to British was the famous Julius Caesar who crosd the Dover Strait村庙 in 55 B. C。
6 About the 450 A。 D., wave of the Anglos, Saxons and Jutes invaded the British Isles。 They ttled in England, and drove the Celts into Wales， Scotland骨折吃什么, and Ireland。 They were Germanic tribes。
7 The Anglo-Saxons defeated the Celts,园林门 although the latter resisted bravely。 They became the new masters of the British Isles and were the ancestors of the prent English people。
8 It was around 500 A. D。 , in the struggle against Cerdic， the founder of the kingdom of Wesx脱生， that the Celtic King Arthur, a legendary figure, is said to have acquired his fame.
9 In the cond half of the 9th century King Alfred the Great of Wesx led the Anglo-Saxon kings to defeat the invaders by uniting their forces.我的绿色生活
10 Beginning from late of the 8th century, the Danes， or the Vikings， came to invade England。
11 In the early 11th century, all England was conquered by the Danes for 23 years. Then the Danes were expelled, but in 1066， the Normans came from Normandy in northern France to attack England under the leadership o f the Duke of Normandy, who claimed the English throne.
12 In 597 Pope Gregory the Great nt St。 Augustine to England to convert the Anglo—Saxons.
13 Related with the Northumbrain School was Caedmon who lived in the 7th century and who turned the stories in the Bible into ver form。
14 Then all at once Caedmon would sing and became the first Anglo-Saxon poet。
15 Another well known figure of the Northumbrain school was the Venerable Bede， a monk who wrote in Latin and who work the Ecclesiastical History of the English People earned for him the title of “father of English history”.
咖啡粉怎么喝
16 It was Bede who told about the story of Caedmon.
17 The cond highlight of the Anglo-Saxon literature happened during the reign of the King Alfred。
18 In 871 Alfred became king of Wesx. He gathered around him a group of scholars， founded a palace school and demanded that his officials should try to educate themlves。
19 Alfred was responsible for the launching of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
20 Alfred’s third contribution is that he created a style of Anglo—Saxon pro which was not obscure.
21 Of the earliest epic poetry， the most important poem now prerved is 复方海蛇胶囊Beowulf。 It is probably existed in the oral form.
22 Beowulf contains altogether 3，183 lines and the story in it is bad on partly historical and partly legendary materials， brought over the Anglo—Saxons from their original homes。
23 Like Homer's poetry， Beowulf sings the exciting adventure of a great legendary hero who physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities, i。e.， his resolution to rve his country and kinsfolk， his true courage， courteous conduct， and his love of honor.
24 In reading Beowulf we must notice that the poem is a mixture of the paganism and Christian elements.
25 In addition to alliteration, the “scop” ud a kind of figurative language called “kenning" in order to ordinary objects。
Chapter 2 The Norman Period
1 At the battle of Hastings, the last Saxon king Harold was defeated by Duke William of Normandy。
2 The Norman Conquest in 1066 accelerated the development of feudalism in England. William claimed himlf William I, King of England and regarded himlf as the sole owne
r of the land of all England.
3 Besides the king， the church possd one third of the land in the country and had political power as well as religious authority。
4 The chief class conflict of the time of Norman Conquest was that between the rfs and the peasants on the one hand, and their feudal lords, including the king, the barons and the church on the other hand.
5 A large scale peasant uprising broke in 1381。
