1. Fill in the blanks
(1) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness. (大连外院2008）
(2) Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. (人大2007）
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(3) human languages enable their urs to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not prent at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as displacement.（北二外2006）
(4) Halliday propos a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has ideational, interpersonal and textual functions. （中山大学2008）
(5) Our language can be ud to talk about itlf. This is the metalingual(元语言) function of language. （中山大学2005）
(6) when language is ud for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is phatic function. (北二外2005）
(7) Pragmatics can be defined as the study of language in u. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society.
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(8) Descriptive grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while prescriptive grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described. (人大2006）
（9） The description of a language as it changes through time is a Diachronic（历时） Linguistic study.
10.There are two fields of morphology: the study of inflectional and the study of derivational . （人大2006研）
11.A bound morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itlf. （北二外2003）
弃妻难再逑12.Affix is the collective term for the type of formative that can be ud only when added to another morpheme. Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and infix. （北邮）
13. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: affix三峡旅游 and 宁静致远bound root.
14. Cohesion refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between ntences and between claus. (人大2007)
15.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory.（中山2008）
16. Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. （北外2007）
17. Terms like “rolling pin” and “ladle” are hyponyms of the term “kitchen implements”.（北二外2005）
18. Antonyms like “husband” v. “wife” are conver antonyms. （北二外2003）
19．Idiolect机构类型 refers to varieties of a language ud by individual speakers, with peculiarities of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. In fact, no two speakers speak exactly the same dialect. Each speaker has certain characteristic features of his own in his way of speaking. （人大2007）
20. “linguistic relativity” was propod by Sapir and whorf. （清华2001）
21. Language itlf is not xist, but its u may reflect the social attitude connoted in the language that is xist.
22.Performatives were ntences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.
23.In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to obrve is called the Cooperative principle propod by J.Grice
24.In Austin’s How to Do Things with word, he first distinguishes performatives and constatives, later on Austin made a fresh start to distinguish Locutionary act, Illocution
ary act and perlocutionary act.
一席之地的意思.25.The type of language constructed by cond or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage. (中山2008）
26.Interlanguage is formed when the learner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the cond language but is neither. （中山2006）
27.Error is the grammatically incorrect form; mistake appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context. （中山2008）
28. According to Krashen’s (1985) Input hypothesis learners acquire language as a result of comprehending input addresd to them.
29. In terms of the source of errors, errors are often divided into 驱赶的近义词Interlingual errors and intralingual errors.
(1) By __c_ we mean language is resourceful becau of its duality and recursiveness. （西外2006）
