Old English and medieval period<450-1066-14th century> | ||||||
Old English Religious group: On bible Secular group: national epic | Beowulf (the national epic of the English people) sticking feature: alliteration, metaphors and understatements/ word-pictures. The fight against Grendel；The fight against Grendel's mother；The fight against the Dragon The theme：Thematically the poem prents a vivid picture of how the primitive people waged heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wi and mighty leader. The most important literary work for old English literature is Beowulf. It is regarded as the earliest epic in English language. | |||||
Medieval period: | Subjects: matter of France; Rome; Britain; | |||||
Medieval romances: Sir Gawain and the green knight: king Arthur and his round table knights. | ||||||
The popular ballads: a narrative song, or an oral form of ver; compod by common people during a long period of time; an important stream of the medieval folk literature. | ||||||
William Langland 威廉.兰格伦 | Piers the Plowman耕者皮尔斯: prented a vivid picture of the unhappy side of life in feudal England. | |||||
杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer， 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始: Mesnger of Humanism; The first important realistic writer; “Father” of modern English poetry and Master of the English language. | 长诗：The Hou of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德 小说：《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作，以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）。 Chaucer’s plan: 30 pilgrims, 4 stories each, altogether 120 stories Chaucer’s work consists of three parts: (a) The General Prologue; (the opening lines) (b) 24 tales, two of which left unfinished; (c) Separate prologues to each tale with links, comments, and quarrels in between. | |||||
The English renaissance period (from 14th c. to mid-17th c. the peak is the Elizabethan Age)--- the age of sonnets and age of drama. (1) "Renaissance" means rebirth (or revival of letters). It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. (2) It marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. (3) It encouraged a rebirth of human spirit. (4) It brought about a flourish in science and art. (5) a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature; (6) Keen on the activities of humanity. Humanism is the keynote of Renaissance. | ||||||
Sir Philip Sidney菲力普.锡德尼 | Astrophel and Stella: 1. a love romance on his own experience; 2. Embodying in the sonnets all the complex feelings of a lover. The bargain: the whole poem is a metaphor; love is a bargain; loving each other is like the exchange of our true hearts. | |||||
埃德蒙深情往事·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenr， 1552-1599）The most important poet of the Eli. age, who introduced the age. | 长诗《仙后》（The Faerie Queen）歌颂女王，宣扬人文主义思想。The Shepherd’s Calendar；他创造的"斯宾塞诗体"每节诗有九行，韵律复杂，具有柔和动听、萦绕耳际的音乐性。Spenr originated a nine-line ver stanza, now known as the Spenrian stanza. Spenrian Stanza: For The Faerie Queen, Spenr originated a nine-line ver stanza, now known as the Spenrian stanza—the first eight lines are iambic pentameter (five-foot line), and the ninth, iambic hexameter (six-foot line); the rhyme scheme is ababbcbcc. Features: Vivid style; Rich content; Combination of Greek, Latin, Italian, and English traditions; Melodious ver and sharp images. | |||||
克里斯托弗·马洛（Christopher Marlowe， 1564-1593）The first important Elizabethan dramatist before Shakespeare. 马洛将戏剧情节集中于一个主要角色的做法、他对人物性格的分析以及他的素体诗戏剧对白，对英国戏剧的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。 | Hero and Leander: the passionate shepherd to his love. The University Wits: • Lyly’s comedies are considered the best of the kind before Shakespeare. • Thomas Kyd started the tradition of the Elizabethan revenge tragedy. A good example is The Spanish Tragedy. Major works of Plays: Tamburlaine the Great , Parts I & II (1587-1588) The Jew of Malta (1590?) Edward the Second (1594) The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus Achievements: • A. perfecting the blank ver and making it the principal medium of English drama; • B. creating Renaissance hero for his English drama. • C. Marlowe advanced tragedy considerably as a dramatic medium. 冲破旧的戏剧形式的束缚，创作了一种新戏剧。《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）、《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragically History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）、《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）The Passionate Shepherd多情的牧羊人等剧作反映了文艺复兴时期那种永无止境的探索精神和极端的个人主义精神。 | |||||
本·琼森（Ben Johnson， 1572-1637） 1. As a classicist, he advocated the classical idea of the unity of time, place and the theme; 2. He protested against the mixing of tragedy and comedy; 3. As a moralist, Jonson expod the social evils of his time. His central themes are human greed and man’s lust for power. 4. To him, preci language and sharp visions are esntial to the making of excellent drama. | 讽刺喜剧《狐狸》（Volpone）、《练金术士》（The Alchemist）：Jonson’s greatest play. It best meets the criteria of the three unities of dramatic structure: a single day in autumn, 1610; a constant location at Lovewit’s hou in Blackfriar; and the whole action of the play rigidly divided into scenes and acts. Song: to Celia --- a transcendent love; prai the immortality of love; Main idea: It is a short monologue in which a lover address his lady in an effort to encourage her to express her love for him (by gazing upon him) -- to “ize the day" and enjoy love. It is an example of carpe diem poetry, as it reminds the reader to live and love since time and youth are fleeting. Difference: Sidney, Shakespeare and Jonson’s poems are all very romantic, praising the pure and ideal love. All of them reveal a positive attitude towards love. John Donne in which he argues that it is impossible to find a woman who is both attractive and faithful to the one man. Go and catch a falling star: In the first stanza Donne states a number of impossible tasks. He compares finding an honest woman to the tasks. He cleverly states that to find a woman who is honest in love is as difficult as it is to catch a falling star, … In the cond stanza the subject matter is an imaginary journey of ten thousand days. Donne imagines a eker spending a lifetime, until he has grey hairs, looking for an honest woman. Donne believes that despite all the strange sights the traveler will e, he won’t come across an honest woman. In the third stanza the thought changes to the more positive idea of finding an honest woman. If the traveler finds one, he is to report her immediately. Such a journey would be ‘sweet’, but he wouldn’t travel next door to meet her as by the time he arrives even that far she will have slept with two or three other men, implying a woman would only remain honest at most for as long as it takes to write the letter saying you have found her. | |||||
弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon， 1561-1626） | 是这一时期最重要的散文家，他对文学的主要贡献是《论说文集》（Essays），共58篇。 The Essays are popular for 3 reasons: • 1. The literary form was new to the English audience; • 2. The essays cover a variety of subjects; • 3. The essays are sinewy though short, full of wisdom, and elegantly phrad. 这些文章题材广泛，内容涉及哲学、宗教、政治制度以及婚姻、爱情、友谊、园艺、读书等，文笔典雅，略带古风而又明白畅达。Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）,The founder of English materialist philosophy. | |||||
威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare， 1564-1616）the most distinguished practitioner of the English sonnet during the Elizabethan age 性格鲜明的人物形象，展现了封建制度和资本主义制度交替时期波澜壮阔的历史画面，宣扬了人文主义和个性解放。他的剧作思想内容深刻，艺术表现手法精湛，历经几个世纪，长演不衰。莎士比亚是语言大师，他娴熟地运用英语，将英语的丰富表现力推向极致。 Plots=romantic, poetic, farfetched, imaginative, supernatural Characters=realistic, alive, three dimensional, powerful and eternally true | 两首长诗，154首十四行诗The Sonnets和38部（一说39部）戏剧 喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night's Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice） 悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth），历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV），传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）等 154 sonnets: to a young man; to a dark lady. Themes: eternal beauty of poetry; virtue of man; love and friendship; injustice of his day. Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth. First Period: Apprenticeship Mainly wrote histories and comedies – History plays are dramatic works which u history as a beginning point. – They reflect real periods of history but Shakespeare did not write them chronologically. Second Period: Mastering his art! Mainly wrote “Romantic Comedies”：As You Like It；Mid-summer Night’s Dream；Twelfth Night；The Merchant of Venice Third Period: Problem of Evil in the World: Great tragedies – Tragedies are Shakespeare’s most popular and famous works. – Shakespeare ud lots of soliloquies in his tragedies. – This category explores the faults/weakness of humans. Forth Period: Creates a new drama form—the dramatic romance Some special features of his plays: – More male characters than female ones – More young female characters than old ones – Often daughter-father-pattern families – Disgui 伪装 – Few passionate scenes The Merchant of Venice: Antonio: Reprentative of Christians; both hero and percutor against the Jew. Shylock: a reprentative of the Jews suffering from racial discrimination and religious percution, having a fierce hatred and revengeful feeling towards Christians Duke. Shylock is both villain and comic, but he is also sympathetic. For Shakespeare has one more point to make. Moral weakness is found not alone in "the Jew" but in all men. Since all men have foibles, are weak, commit sins, are sometimes greedy and hateful, as they are all sometimes noble, there cannot be any simple rule for justice. Theme: (a) Traditional: To prai the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty to her husband, to expo the greediness of the Jew. (b) Modern: To satirize the Christians’ hypocrisy and their fal standards of friendship, love, kindness, and their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness; to expo the unreasoning prejudice of the Christians against the Jew. The significance: The complexity of human nature; Neither white or black but various shades of gray. Romeo and Juliet, His romantic tragedy, eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness. Some special features of his plays: 1. More male characters than female ones 2. More young female characters than old ones 3. Often daughter-father pattern families 4. Disgui 5. Few passionate scenes 6. The theatre (the inn yard, the Globe Theatre, the stage: upper stage, inner stage, outer stage) 7. The First Folio (large sized collection of plays) 1623 | |||||
The English Bourgeois revolution资产阶级革命 period | ||||||
约翰·弥尔顿（John Milton， 1608-1674） | 长诗《失乐园》（Paradi Lost） --Fall of angels；The creation of earth and man；Satan’s temptation；Loss of paradi 和《复乐园》（Paradi Regained）、诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）。这些作品反映了王政复辟后弥尔顿内心的痛苦以及对资产阶级革命始终不渝的态度，文体雄伟庄严。 Paradi Lost -- the greatest or only epic since Beowulf | |||||
John gay (1685-1732) | Delightful ballad-opera: The Beggar’s Opera (1728), The play is also an entertaining Italian opera with brilliant songs. satirizing the corruptions of the governing class; | |||||
约翰·班扬（John Bunyan， 1628-1688） 《天路历程》采用梦幻的形式讲述宗教寓言，但揭开梦幻的面纱，展现在读者面前的是17世纪英国社会的一幅现实主义图景。查理二世复辟后，被清教徒关闭的剧院重新开放，英国戏剧获得新生。 | 《天路历程》（The Pilgrim's Progress） (1) A tale of adventure on a perilous path, encountering giants, wild beasts, hobgoblins, etc. (2) The tale bad on human experience: e.g. the moving account of his death with Hopeful (3) The basic metaphor— life is a journey. The journey is from this world to the next world. (4) Vivid characterization: Travelers who reprent states of the soul, or moral attitudes (5) Style: Modeled on the pro style of the English Bible: Simple diction; colloquial expressions; straightforward ntence structure In pro, John Bunyan gave us the only great allegory which had been read more than any other book in English except Bible in a time : The Pilgrim's Progress | |||||
约翰·邓恩（John Donne， 1572-1631） | 玄学派诗歌Special features of Metaphysical poetry： (1) Wit and conceits (2) novel and shocking expressions (3) creating an effect of a speaking voice that was communicating with onelf or the reader Songs and Sonnets: go and catch a falling star; the flea; Devotions upon emergent Occasions (The founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry) | |||||
The neoclassical period<1660-1798> 推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐 | ||||||
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden， 1631-1700） | Greatest literary figure of the Restoration： poet, dramatist, critic, and translator; As a poet, he brought the rhymed couplet as a means of satire to a brilliancy and a point never surpasd before or since his time: "The Hind and the Panther” All for Love Antony and Cleopatra An Essay of Dramatic Poesy 驰骋文坛，集桂冠诗人、散文家、剧作家于一身。德莱顿关于戏剧创作和舞台艺术的论述构成英国戏剧史上第一组有分量的戏剧评论，他那简洁明朗的散文文体影响了18世纪许多作家的文风。 | |||||
亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope， 1688-1744） | Advocator of neoclassicism; a great ver satirist; high priest of the Age of Reason: An Essay on Criticism：It is a didactic说教的 poem written in heroic couplets英雄双韵体. Pastorals田园诗集;An Essay on Criticism批评论; The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记; Windsor Forest温莎林;The Duncial愚人志;Moral Essays道德论;An Essay on Man人论;Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot与阿布斯诺博士书 是新古典主义诗歌的代表，他模仿罗马诗人，诗风精巧隽俏，内容以说教与讽刺为主，形式多用英雄双韵体，但缺乏深厚感情。18世纪英国散文出现繁荣，散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上。 | |||||
理查德·斯梯尔（Richard Steele， 1672-1729）与约瑟夫·艾迪生（Joph Addison， 1672-1719） | 不足为训的意思The Christian Hero基督教徒的英雄 名文：The Spectator Club旁观者俱乐部 创办《闲谈者》（Tatler）与《观察者》（Spectator）刊物，发表了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生活、文学趣味等为题材的文章，他们清新秀雅、轻捷流畅的文体成为后人模仿的典范。 Joph Addison艾迪生: 诗：The Campaign 远征； 剧本：Cato加图 名文；Adventure of A shilling一先令的历险 | |||||
乔纳森·斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift， 1667-1745） | Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记(A Voyage to Lilliput/Brobdingnag /Laputa /The Country of the Houyhnhnms小人国/大人国/拉普他等地/智马国游记) Theme: It is a satire on the 18th-century English society, touching upon the political, religious, legal, military, scientific, philosophical as well as literary institutions. It takes great pains to bring to light the wickedness of the then English society, with its tyranny, its political intrigues and corruption, its aggressive wars and colonialism, its religious disputes and percution, and its ruthless oppression and exploitation of the common people. A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议; A writer of satiric pro with a style of great simplicity, directness and vigor. 是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家，他的文风纯朴平易而有力。《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）是一部极具魅力的儿童故事，同时包含着深刻的思想内容。作者通过对小人国、大人国、飞岛国、慧马国等虚构国度的描写，以理性为尺度，极其尖锐地讽刺和抨击了英国社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶。 The Battle of Books书的战争;A Tale of A Tub一个木桶的故事;The Draper’s Letters布商的书信; | |||||
丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel Defoe， 1660-1731） His novels’ features: (1) Picaresque tradition (2) Autobiographical form and first person narration (3) Journalistic style with great detail and specific time and space | 《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）: a Alexander Selkirk who once stayed alone on the uninhabited island Juan Fernandez for 5 years. (a) It celebrates the strength of human rational will to conquer the natural environment. (b) Robinson is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. 采用写实的手法，描写主人公在孤岛上的生活，塑造了一个资产阶级开拓者和殖民主义者形象，具有时代精神。这部小说被认为是现实主义小说的创始之作，为笛福赢得"英国小说之父"的称号。另一部长篇小说《摩尔·弗兰德斯》（Moll Flanders）叙述女主人公摩尔在英国因生活所迫沦为娼妓和小偷的经历。 Hymn to the Pillory枷刑颂;Robinson Crusoe鲁宾孙飘流记;Captain Singleton辛格顿船长;Moll Flanders莫尔弗兰德斯;A Journal of the Plague Year大疫年日记 | |||||
塞缪尔 ·理查逊（Samuel Richardson， 1689-1761） | 采用书信体创作了《帕米拉》（Pamela）、《克拉丽莎》（Clarissa Harlowe）。他将视角投入年轻女主人公的内心深处，心理刻画淋漓尽致，令读者潸然泪下。 Reprentative of Sentimental novelists; the founder of the English domestic novel: Pamela帕美拉– a novel in letter form: A virtuous rvant girl's resistance to the ba attempts of her young master Mr. B and her final reward of matrimony with the man. qq怎么发闪照Theme: the distress that may attend the misconduct both of parents and children in relation to marriage Significance: • A. First frontal attack against the dehumanizing forces in society, • B. First exploration of the relationship between the individual and the society, • C. First psychological study of human emotion and motive, • D. First modern tragedy in novel form. Clarissa Harlowe克拉瑞莎(1747) -- First modern tragedy in novel form | |||||
亨利·菲尔丁（Henry Fielding， 1707-1754）（英国现实主义小说的奠基者） “Father of the English Novel”: his contribution to the establishment of the form of modern novel: a. comic epic in pro b. the third-person narration c. realistic prentation of common life | Joph Andrews The History of Jonathan Wild the Great; Tom Jones, Amelia “Father of the English Novel”: a. comic epic in pro; b. the third-person narration; c. realistic prentation of common life 《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones） 1. A study of human nature 2. The bad, wicked man, like Blifil, has no hope of redemption, 3. The fundamentally good person like Tom, can be morally flawed, unwi or indiscreet(轻率的), but still an admirable human being. 故事在乡村、路途及伦敦三个不同背景下展开，向读者展现了当时英国社会风貌的全景图。小说以代表自然本性的汤姆与代表理智、智慧的索菲娅终成眷属结尾，表达了感情要受理性节制的思想。全书共十八卷，每卷都以作者对小说艺术的讨论开始，表现出菲尔丁对小说创作的一种理论上的自觉意识。 Features: (1) His style is easy, unlabored and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. (2) It is usually a combination of the grand with the plain. (3) The ntences are always logical and rhythmic. (4) The structures of his novel are always well planned and often imitations of the classics. (5) The characters are true to life, never flat or boring. (6) His writings are noted for dramatic dialogues and other devices such as suspen, coincidence and unexpectedness. 剧本：The Coffeehou Politician咖啡屋政客;Don Quixote in England堂·吉诃德在英国;The Historical Register for the Year历史记事 长篇小说：The History of the Adventures of Joph Andrews, and of His Friend Mr. Abraham Adams约瑟·安德鲁传;The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人江奈生·魏尔德传;The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling汤姆·琼斯;Amelia阿美利亚 | |||||
R. B. Sheridan理查德.谢立丹 | The School for Scandal 最棒的风尚喜剧has been called a great comedy of manners. It gives a brilliant portrayal and a biting satire of middle-class hypocrisy. It has been regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare. Special features： (1) He has a deft hand with such devices as disgui, mistaken identity and dramatic irony. (2) His plots are well organized and his characters are sharply drawn. (3) Witty dialogues, ingenious comic situations and neat and decent language are especially noteworthy. The Rivals情敌 | |||||
塞缪尔·约翰逊（Samuel Johnson， 1709-1784）the last great neo-classicist enlightener | 是18世纪英国人文主义文学批评的巨擘，《莎士比亚戏剧集序言》（The Preface to Shakespeare）和《诗人传》（Lives of the Poets）是他对文学批评作出的突出贡献。他从常识出发，在某些方面突破了新古典主义的框框，不乏真知灼见。约翰逊的散文风格自成一家，集拉丁散文的典雅、气势与英语散文的雄健、朴素于一体。约翰逊在英语词典编纂史上占有独特地位，他克服重重困难，一人独自编纂《英语词典》（A Dictionary of the English Language），历时七年得以完成，这是英语史上第一部也是随后一百年间英国唯一的标准辞书。约翰逊青史留名，也得益于詹姆斯·鲍斯韦尔（James Boswell， 1740-1795）为他写的传记《约翰逊传》（The Life of Samuel Johnson），该书逼真地再现了约翰逊的神态容貌及人格力量，标志着现代传记的开端。 A Dictionary of the English Language英语语言辞典;Lives of Poets诗人传;Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望的虚幻;Raslas拉塞勒斯 名文：Letter to Lord Chesterfield给吉士菲尔伯爵的信 | |||||
奥利弗·哥尔德斯密斯（Oliver Goldsmith， 1730-1774） | 长诗《荒村》（The Derted Village）是感伤主义诗歌的杰作。他的《世界公民》（渠道销售是做什么的The Citizen of the World）原名为《中国人信札》（Chine Letters），虚构了一个在伦敦游历的中国河南人李安济（Lien Chi Altangi），把他在伦敦的所见所闻写成书信寄回北京礼部官员，以中国人的眼光对英国的政治、司法、宗教、道德、社会风尚进行批评。 The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德牧师传;The Citizen of the World世界公民;The Derted荒村; She Stoops to Conquer屈身求爱: a delightful play; one of the best plays in the 18th century; recaptured some of the zest and earthiness of restoration comedy. | |||||
Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷 | Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌:表达诗人对时代纷乱状态的厌恶和对"自然简朴安排"的向往，吐露了他们的内心感受。英国诗歌开始逐渐摆脱新古典主义的束缚，理性的优势地位为感情或感受所代替。 | |||||
威廉·布莱克（William Blake， 1757-1827） | 画家兼诗人，想象奇特，极富个性。他的短诗意象鲜明，语言清新，后期的长诗内容比较晦涩。他在诗歌中建立起自己一套独特的神话体系，具有神秘主义色彩。布莱克的革命性、独创性和复杂性使他成为浪漫主义诗歌的先驱。 Poetical Sketches素描诗集;Songs of Innocence天真之歌;Songs of Experience经验之歌The French Revolution法国革命;The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻;America;Milton;Jerusalem 名诗：London;The Tiger | |||||
Robert Burns彭斯1759-1796 | Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集 名诗：The Tree of Liberty自由村;Scots Wha-Hae苏格兰人;The Two Dogs两只狗;Holy Willie’s Prayer威利长老的祈祷;My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原;A Red,Red Ro一朵红红的玫瑰;John Anderson约翰·安德生,My Jo;A Man’s A Man for A’That不管身在何处都须保持尊严;Robert Bruce’s March to Bannockburn | |||||
劳伦斯·斯特恩（Lawrence Sterne， 1713-1768） | 《项狄传》（The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy） It consists of episodes, conversations, perpetual digressions, which are often excursions to abstract learning. Its structure defies analysis: there is no plot development; the whole book is full of unfinished ntences, dashes, blank pages, fantastic syntax, diagrams, strange punctuations, etc., which can be found only in modernist writings. Special features :Sentimentality; Eccentricity; Humor; and peculiar narration; Pioneer of stream-of-consciousness. 打破传统小说叙述模式，写法奇特。小说各章长短不一，有的甚至是空白。书中充满长篇议论和插话，并出现乐谱、星号、省略号等。斯特恩对小说形式的实验引起20世纪俄国形式主义批评家的注意，《项狄传》被认为是"世界文学中最典型的小说".评论家指出20世纪小说中的意识流手法可以追溯到这部奇异的小说。 | |||||
Romanticism in England<1798-1832> 浪漫主义是对新古典主义的反拨：诗歌内容不再是对现实的反映或道德说教，而是诗人内心涌出的真实感情；诗歌语言不是模仿经典作家去追求高雅精致，而是要贴近普通人的日常用语。浪漫主义诗人崇尚自然，主张返朴归真。浪漫主义是一个比较笼统的概念，每个诗人各有其特征。 | ||||||
威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth， 1770-1850）湖畔派诗人1. Lyrical Ballads (1798) 2. Prelude, or Growth of a Poet’s Mind (1850) | Lyrical Ballads（与柯勒律治合编）《抒情歌谣集》的问世标志英国浪漫主义 2 subjects: nature and common life 1.“All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.” 2. Poetry “takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.” • -- emotion – foundation of poetic creation • -- emotion immediately expresd is as raw as wine newly bottled; • -- tranquil contemplation is like the mellowing of old wine 选读：Lucy; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud：The poem is crystal clear and lucid. By recounting a little episode, the poet gives a description of the scene and of the feelings that match it. Then he abstracts the total emotional value of the experience and concludes by summing that up. Below the immediate surface, we find that all the realistic details of the flowers, the trees, the waves, the wind, and all the accompanying nsations of active joy, are absorbed into an over-all concrete metaphor, the recurrent image of the dance, which appears in every stanza. | |||||
塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge， 1772-1834） | Poems: a. the demonic poems e.g. (1) “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (2) “Christabel” (2)“Kubla Khan” b. the conversational poems e.g. “Frost at Midnight” “Dejection : an Ode” literary critics: Biographia Literaria -- first critic of romantic age Special features (1) A lyrical poet and literary critic of the first rank. (2) Mysticism and demonism with strong imagination. (3) The true end of poetry is to give pleasure “through the medium of beauty.” He sings highly Wordsworth’s “purity of language,” “deep and subtle thoughts,” “perfect truth to nature” and his “imaginative power.” | |||||
乔治·戈登·拜伦（George Gordon Byron， 1788-1824） | Byronic hero (1) Childe Harold's Pilgrimage • Harold was disillusioned in modern civilization and who decided to leave his native land for foreign countries in order to be among simpler people. (2) Don Juan • Don Juan is a great comic epic, a poem bad on a traditional Spanish legend of a great lover. | |||||
波西·比希·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley， 1792-1822）革命诗人 | Queen Mab麦布女王;first long poem of importance. The fairy Queen Mab carries off in her celestial chariot a beautiful and pure maiden Ianthe and shows to her the past, prent and future of mankind. Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯; A Defence of Poetry诗辩: Shelley maintained that poetry is the indispensable agent of civilization, and can play a very important part in the spiritual life of society. Ode to the West Wind/a Skylark西风/云雀颂;It is written in the form of a combination of sonnet and terza rima. The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee, which creates a n of the turbulent, swirling momentum of the wind as it drives and toss the leaves, clouds and waves. The combination of the wild irregularity of the stanzas with an amazing degree of artistic control makes the poem beautifully appropriate to express a relationship between imagination and the power of nature. Adonais阿东尼斯;The Cenci钦契;Song to the Men of England致英国人民;England in 1819;The Masque of Anarchy专制魔王的化装游行; | |||||
Mary Shelley | Frankstein：A young Swiss student discovers the cret of animating lifeless matter and, by asmbling body parts, creates a monster who vows revenge on his creator after being rejected from society. Theme: • destructive force of men • the negative conquence of science and technology • isolation and love • religious interpretation – men’s creative power | |||||
约翰·济慈（John Keats， 1795-1821） “On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer” (1816) Endymion (1817) Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems (1820) The Fall of Hyperion 19世纪20年代初，济慈、雪莱和拜伦相继英年早逝，英国浪漫主义诗歌由强转弱，风势渐衰。 | Special Features: 1. The mythic world of the ancient Greece and the English poetry of the Renaissance period provide Keats with the most important imaginative resources. 2. His realization of the empathic power of the imagination is of the greatest conquence to his work and is a faculty which leads him to his most profound insights. – His poetry is characterized by: • exact and cloly knit construction, • nsual descriptions, and • the force of imagination, – His poetry gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world. Endymion恩底弥翁;Isabella伊莎贝拉;The Eve of Sanit Agnes圣爱尼节前夜;Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂;Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂;To Autumn秋颂;Hyperion赫披里昂（未完成）一生追求美，是创造艺术美的天才诗人。 | |||||
20、Charles Lamb查尔斯·兰姆1775-1834 | Tales from Shakespeare莎士比亚故事集;Alburn Vers诗集;Essay of Elia伊利亚散文集(Dream Children梦中儿女;A Disrtation unpon Roast Pig烤猪论;Old China古瓷;New Year’s Eve除夕;The Prai of Chimney Sweepers扫烟囱童工赞;The Superannuated Man领取养老金的人;A Bachelor’s Complaint of the Behavior of Married People单身汉对结过婚的人的行为的抱怨) | |||||
Walter Scott瓦尔特·司各特1771-1832 | 诗：The Minstrlsy of the Scottish Border苏格兰边区歌谣集;Marimion玛里恩;The Lady of the Lake 小说：Waverley威弗利;Guy Mannering盖·曼纳令;Rob Roy罗布罗伊;The Heart of Midlothian米德洛西恩监狱;Ivanhoe艾凡赫;Kenilworth坎尼尔华斯;Woodstock皇家猎馆;Queentin Durward昆廷·达沃 | |||||
The Victorian period<1836-1901> 1837年维多利亚女王（Queen Victoria， 1819-1901）登基,在她统治时期，英国一度取得世界贸易和工业的垄断地位，科学、文化、艺术出现繁荣的局面。英国诗歌表现出与浪漫主义截然不同的诗风，诗人们不再沉湎于主观感情的发泄，而是注重形式的典雅，对诗艺精益求精。 Conclusion: ⏹ The Victorian period is mainly a period of critical realistic novels. Two terminologies here are important: realism and naturalism. ⏹ Dickens and Bronte sisters are all social critical novelists, while G. Eliot and Hardy’s novels more or less reveal characteristics of naturalism. | ||||||
Thomas Hood胡德1799-1845 | The Song of the Shirt衬衫之歌;The Bridge of Sighs悲叹之桥;Miss Kilmangg and Her Precious Leg基尔曼塞格小姐和她贵重的腿 | |||||
Ernest Jones琼斯1819-1869 | 小说：The Women’s Wrongs妇女们的委屈 名诗：The Song of the Lower Class;The Song of the Future | |||||
查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens， 1812-1870）19世纪英国最伟大的小说家，其作品的深度和广度超过了同时代的任何作家。 “the novelist of his age” Realism: It is oppod to romanticism; Romanticism is to prent life as we would have it to be; | 《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）、《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield）、 《远大前程》（Great Expectations）等均以孤儿为主人公，这与作家的不幸童年经历有关。 《荒凉山庄》（Bleak Hou）揭露了英国司法制度的腐败与黑暗。 《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities）以法国大革命为背景，生动再现了当时伦敦和巴黎的局势，情节跌宕起伏。狄更斯在他的小说中展示了一幅幅维多利亚时代英国社会生活的画卷，但他是一位具有浪漫、幽默气质的作家，笔下经常出现性格怪异的人物。 Special Features: (1) A master story-teller (2) Characters-portrayal: both types and individuals; mostly larger than life; best at child character portrayal; horrible and grotesque figures; and the broadly humorous or comical characters. (3) His writing from a child's point of view. (4) Humor and pathos: He ems to believe that life is itlf a mixture of joy and grief; he intends to make people laugh, cry and wait. | |||||
威廉·麦克皮斯·萨克雷（William Makepeace Thackray， 1811-1863）19世纪曾一度与狄更斯在文坛上平起平坐。 | 《名利场》（Vanity Fair）通过女主人公丽贝卡·夏普不择手段跻身上流社会的故事，对势利者进行了无情的揭露和嘲讽。萨克雷的《亨利·埃斯蒙德》（The History of Henry Esmond）是英国文学史上一部杰出的历史小说。 The Book of Snobs势利者集; History of Pendennis潘丹尼斯的历史;The History of The Newcomes纽可谟一家;The Virginians弗吉尼亚人 | |||||
简·奥斯丁（Jane Austen，1775-1817） 以女性作家特有的敏锐和细腻刻画英国乡村中产阶级的生活和思想。她认为："一个乡村中的三四户人家是合适的写作对象。"《傲慢与偏见》（Pride and Prejudice）、《爱玛》（Emma）等作品涉及婚姻、爱情、门第和财产，小说结构精巧，人物对话机智，语言幽默含蓄，耐人寻味。勃朗特三姐妹在19世纪英国文学史上占有独特地位。 | Her main concern is about human beings in their social relationships; Her range of experience is narrow; She starts realist tradition. Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见; Tho who marry for love which is bad on consideration of the person’s personal merit as well as his economical and social status. Sen and Sensibility理智与情感; Points of View: 1. Holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles. 2. The kindness, honesty, frankness, responsibility, good manners and sound n are typical of the country gentry’s class. 3. Firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the value of rationality and n over that of ntimental, Gothic and romantic tendencies. 4. Serious criticism of life, to expo the follies and illusions of mankind. 5. Shows contemptuous feelings towards the silly, snobbish, stupid, worldly and vulgar. 6. A neo-classicism advocator and believes in order, reason, accuracy and gracefulness. Emma爱玛;Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德公园;Persuasion好事多磨;Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺 | |||||
夏洛蒂·勃朗特（Charlotte Bronte， 1816-1855） Greatly influenced by Byron and Scott, her novels are all about lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for life and love. | Special Features: A ground breaking novel The heroine is small, plain, poor and unconventional, but with strong rebellious spirit. 劳动法在线咨询The heroine is the first female character to claim the right to feel strongly about her emotions and have active attitude towards love 《简·爱》（Jane Eyre）是一部关于女主人公克服男性统治社会对女性的种种压制最后取得自主独立的成长小说，浪漫爱情故事的背后包含着严肃的思想内容，受到20世纪女性主义批评家的青睐。 | |||||
艾米丽·勃朗特（Emily Bronte， 1818-1848） 想象奇特，《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights）采用间接叙述手法讲述一段刻骨铭心的恋情，小说中野性与文明、浪漫与现实反差强烈，具有神秘恐怖色彩。 | Themes: rebellion and revenge; love and hatred; civilized corruption v. primitive vitality; distorted personality; conflict of class values; balance and disbalance between the principles of storm and calm; Unlove and Overlove Wuthering Heights can be appreciated on veral levels: – As a social novel treating Victorian class: the educated and cultured professional middle class, the rough yet propertied farming class, and the workers (maids, farmhands, etc.) – As a psychological novel tracing the development of consciousness, the n of lf and others, through experience and dreams (hence the placement of Lockwood) – As a symbolic novel The Romantic/Gothic forces of Nature oppo the day-to-day tangible forces of Culture, yet connect through the cycles of life. | |||||
安妮·勃朗特（Anne Bronte， 1820-1849） | 《阿格尼斯·格雷》（Agnes Grey） | |||||
Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell盖斯凯尔1810-1865 | Cranford克兰弗德; Mary Barton玛丽·巴顿;Ruth露斯; North and South北与南;Life of Charlote Bronte夏洛蒂勃郎特传 | |||||
乔治·艾略特（George Eliot， 1819-1880）是玛丽·安·伊万斯（Mary Ann Evans）的笔名 | 19世纪现实主义小说的真正代表。《弗罗斯河上的磨房》（The Mill on the Floss）、《织工马南》（Silas Marner）和《米德尔马契》（Middlemarch）等作品以写实手法展现英国的社会人生图画，对人物内心活动和行为动机的刻画十分生动细致，艾略特因此被誉为心理小说的先驱。 Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss, and Silas Marner, Middlemarch Features (1) Psychological study of human nature (2) Determinism | |||||
Pro-writers & Poets of the Mid & Late 19th century | ||||||
Thomas Carlyle卡莱尔1795-1881 | Sartor Resartus衣裳哲学/旧衣新裁;The Life of Schiller席勒传;The French Revolution;Heroes and Hero-worship论英雄与英雄崇拜 | |||||
Afred Tennyson丁尼生1809-1892 | The most reprentative poet of the Victorian age and the poet laureate Artistic Features: His poetry is rich in poetic images and melodious language, and noted for its lyrical beauty and metrical charm. “Break, Break, Break” “Crossing the Bar” 丽水白云山 | |||||
Robert Browning 勃朗宁1812-1889 | Dramatic Romances and Lyrics (1845), Bells and Pomegranates (1846), Men and Women (1855), The Ring and the Book (1868-69) “My Last Duchess” Poetic features 另眼相看(1) Dramatic monologue: A lyric poem reveals “a soul in action” through the conversation of one character in a dramatic situation. The character is speaking to an identifiable but silent listener at a dramatic moment in the speaker’s life. (2) difficult and obscure | |||||
Elizabeth Barrel Browning 1806-1861 | Sonnets from the Portugue葡萄牙十四行诗;The Cry of the Children | |||||
William Morris莫里斯1834-1896 | 诗：The Earthly Paradi地上乐园;Chants of Socialism社会主义歌集;Pilgrims of Hope希望的探求者 小说：A Dream of John Ball梦见给翰·保尔;News from Nowher乌有乡消息 | |||||
William Hazlitt威廉·赫兹里特1778-1830 | Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays莎剧中的人物;A View of the English Stage英国舞台一瞥;Lecture on the English Poets论英国诗人;The Spirit of the Age时代精神;Sketches and Essays素描与随笔;Table Talk桌边文谈 名文：On Familiar Style | |||||
George Gissing吉辛1857-1903 | 小说：Demos民众;New Crub Srreet新穷士街;Born in Eile在流放中诞生;The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft拉伊克罗夫特的日记（散文）;Charles Dickens:A Critical Study狄更斯研究 | |||||
Robert Couis Stevenson史蒂文生1850-1894 | 小说：New Arabian Nights新天方夜谭;Treasure Island宝岛;The Strange Ca of Dr Jeykell and Mr Hyde化身博士;Kidnapped诱拐 游记：An Inland Voyage内陆游记;Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes骑驴旅行;A Child’s Garden of Vers儿童诗园 | |||||
Oscar Wilde王尔德1856-1900 | 长篇小说：The Picture of Dorian Gray道林·格雷的画像 童话：The Happy Prince and Other Tales快乐王子 诗集：De Prafundis惨痛的呼声; 剧作：Lady Windermere’s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子; A Woman of No Importance一个无足轻重的妇女; An Ideal Husband理想丈夫; The Importance of Being Earnest埃耐斯特的重要性 The Ballad of Reading Gaol累丁狱之歌 (1)Aesthete: Wilde believed that art had nothing to do with morality, but should exist for its own sake. (2) Decadent (3)Most of his plays are comedies of manners, which have no rious themes, but are enjoyable. | |||||
20th century English literature | ||||||
Joph Rudyard Kipling罗德雅德·吉卜林1865-1936 | 诗集：Barrak Room Ballad营房诗集;The Seven Seas七海;Recession and Other Poems赞美诗及其他;The Five Nations五国 长篇小说：Kim基姆;Captain Courageous勇敢的船长 短篇小说：Plain Tales from the Hills;Soldiers There;The Story of the Gadsby;Life Handcap生命的阻力;The Jungle Book;The Second Jungle Book林莽之书;The Lost Legion | |||||
Samuel Butler勃特勒1835-1902 | The Way of All Flesh如此人生;Erewhon埃瑞璜;Erewhon Revisited重游埃瑞璜 | |||||
Joph Conrad康拉德1859-1924 | 长篇小说：Almayer’s Folly奥尔迈耶的愚蠢;The Nigger of the Narcissus水仙号上的黑鬼;Lord Jim吉姆老爷;Nostromo诺斯特罗莫;The Secret Agent间谍;Chance机缘;Victory胜利 短篇小说：An Outpost of Progress文明的前哨;Heart of Darkness黑暗的中心;Youth青春 | |||||
Henry James | Daisy Miller The portrait of a Lady The Wings of the Dove The ambassadors The Golden Bowl | |||||
| 幸福乐章 | Thomas Hardy哈代1840-1928 | Under the Greenwood Tree绿茵下;Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣;The Return of the Native还乡;The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长;Tess of the D’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝;Jude the Obscure无名的裘德 诗集：Wesx Poems 威塞克斯诗集 史诗剧：The Dynasts统治者三部曲 | ||||
John Galworthy高尔斯华绥1867-1933 | From the Four Winds天涯海角(The Man of Property有产业的人;In Chancery骑虎难下;To Let出租→The Forsyte Saga福尔塞世家);(The White Monkey白猿;The Silver Spoon银匙;Swan Song天鹅曲→A Modern Comedy现代喜剧) 剧作：The Silver Box银匣;Strife斗争 | |||||
George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳1856-1950 | 长篇小说：An Unsocial Socialist业余社会主义者 评论：Quintesnce of Ibnism 剧本：Widoer’s Hous鳏夫的房产;Mrs Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业The Devil’s Disciple魔鬼的门徒;Man and Superman人与超人;John Bull’s Other Island英国佬的另一个岛;Major Barbara巴巴拉少校;Pygmalion劈克美梁;Heartbreak Hou伤心之家;The Apple Cart苹果车;Too True to be Good真相毕露 | |||||
William Butler Yeats叶芝1865-1939 | 诗：Respondibilities责任;The Tower塔;The Winding Stair盘旋的楼梯 名诗：A Deap Sworn Vow;Easter 1916 剧本：The Land of Heart’s Desire理想的国土;The Hour Glass时漏;Dedidre黛德尔 Autobiographies自传三部曲;Essays and Introduction | |||||
Thomas Stearns Eliot艾略特1888-1965 | 诗集：Prufrock and Other Obrvation普鲁夫洛克及其他;The Waste Land荒原;The Hollow Men空虚的人们;Ash-Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters 诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂里的谋杀案;The Family Reunion团圆 评论集：The Sacred Wood圣林;Homage to John Dryden向约翰·德莱顿致敬;For Lancelot Andrews纪念兰斯洛特·安德鲁斯 | |||||
David Herbert Lawrence劳伦斯1885-1930 | The White Peacock白孔雀;Sons and Lovers儿子与情人;The Reinbow虹;Women in Love恋爱中的妇女;Lady Chatterley’s Lover查泰莱夫人的情人 | |||||
James Joyce乔伊斯1882-1941 | 短篇小说：Dubiners都柏林人 长篇小说：A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的画像;Ulyss尤利西斯;Finnegans Wake芬尼根的觉醒 | |||||
Virginia Woolf沃尔芙1882-1941 | 长篇小说：Mrs Dalloway达洛威夫人;To the Lighthou到灯塔去;Orlando奥兰多传;The Waves浪;Flush弗乐希;Between the Acts幕间 散文集：The Common Readers;The Death of the Moth and Other Essays;A Room of One’s Own;Three Guineas三个基尼亚 名文：Modern Fiction现代小说 日记：A Writer’s Diary | |||||
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