Unit 4. Chine Culture
Passage A. A Brief History of Beijing Opera
[1] Beijing Opera is a form of traditional Chine theater that originated in Beijing in the late 18th century. Compared to other types of Chine theater, it is a relatively new style of drama, combining music, song, dance and acrobatics in a lively and colorful display.
京剧是一种传统的中国戏曲形式，在18世纪末期发源于北京。在中国戏曲的其他形式相比，京剧是一种相对较新的戏曲形式，以生动丰富的形式将音乐、唱腔、舞蹈与杂技结合在一起。
[2] The birth year of Beijing Opera is commonly t in 1790, the year of the eightieth birthday of the Qianlong Emperor. Up until that point in the early Qing dynasty (1644—1911), the educated nobility favored Kunqu Opera, which was known for its elegant music and fine language. On the other hand, various styles of regional popular theater enjoyed by commoners were dismisd by the Chine elite.
一般认为京剧诞生于1790年，也就是乾隆皇帝80寿诞那年。在清朝（1644-1911）早起之前，接受了良好教育的贵族青睐以音乐典雅、曲调唯美闻名的昆曲。另一方面，普通大众欣赏的各种流派的地方流行戏曲则不被中国精英所理会。
安徽国税[3] That changed in 1790, when four asoned drama troupes from Anhui province entered the capital to perform for the imperial court in celebration of Qianlong’s birthday. The occasion marked the first time regional popular theater was performed in Beijing. The four troupes later came to be known as “the Four Great Anhui Troupes,” and together dominated Beijing theater for the next century.
这种情况到了1790年发生了改变，当时来自安徽的四个老牌戏曲班社进京为乾隆皇帝祝寿演出。这一事件标志着地方流行戏曲首次在北京演出。这四个戏曲班社后来被称为“四大徽班”，他们在接下来的一个世纪里，共同占据了北京戏剧市场。
[4] In the early years of Beijing Opera, all the actors were men, with the roles of women played by young boys. The stories fell into two main categories — Wen Xi, or civil theater, which focud on love, marriage and other civilian concerns, and Wu Xi, or military theate
r, which revolved around the theme of war and was known for featuring thrilling acrobatic feats.
方便面怎么泡好吃
京剧初期只有男角，女性人物由年轻男角扮演。故事分为两大类型：文戏，一般聚焦于爱情、婚姻及其他日常关心的主题；武戏，围绕战争的主题，以惊险刺激的精彩杂技而闻名。
[5] In the 19th century, a theater district established itlf in central Beijing, just south of the Imperial City. The playhous also functioned as tea hous, and patrons were rved food and tea as they enjoyed the shows. Notably, the powerful Empress Dowager Cixi (1835—1908) was an enthusiastic patron of Beijing Opera. She had two stages built in the Summer Palace, as well as a smaller stage in her private quarters, and often summoned the city’s most gifted artists to the royal palace to perform for her.
诗奴19世纪，一个戏院区域开始在京城中部成型，就在皇城南面。戏院兼备茶馆功能，票友观看演出时还能享受茶食。值得一提的是，位高权重的慈禧太后(1835-1908)是京剧的狂热爱好者。她命人在颐和园搭建了两座大戏楼，还在住处搭建了一座小戏楼，时常宣召城内最
有天赋的演员进宫为她演出。
[6] Beijing Opera was initially an exclusively male pursuit. The Qianlong Emperor had banned all female performers in Beijing in 1772. The appearance of women on the stage began unofficially during the 1870s. Female performers began to impersonate male roles and declared equality with men. They were given a venue for their talents when Li Maoer, himlf a former Beijing Opera performer, founded the first female Beijing Opera troupe in Shanghai.
京剧最初只限男性参与。1772年乾隆皇帝禁止任何女演员在北京演出。19世纪70年代期间，女性开始非正式地登上舞台。女性演员开始模仿男性角色，并要求与男性平等。曾为京剧演员的李毛儿，在上海成立了第一个女戏班，为女性施展天分提供了一个舞台。
[7] The year 1900 marked a calamitous turning point for Beijing Opera. All of the capital’s great theaters were burned down during the Boxer Movement2, including two of the original “Four Great Anhui Troupes” that had survived until that year.
口水多
牙膏品牌排行榜1900年对于京剧而言是一个灾难性的转折点。在义和团运动中，京城中所有的大戏楼都被付之一炬，其中就有最初“四大徽班”中的两个戏楼，它们一直坚持到这一年，结果也被焚毁。
[8] In the aftermath of the catastrophe, with the old opera troupes dissolved, individual veterans struck out on their own. Artists began to experiment with different styles, muddling traditional Beijing Opera with influences from Western drama. The performances also began to take on contemporary social themes or advocate for social reform.
经营模式是指什么>丁香树
灾难过后，老戏班解散了，经验丰富的老演员们唯有自立门户。艺术家们开始尝试不同的风格，将传统京剧与西方戏剧的影响糅合起来。曲目也开始呈现当时的社会主体，或提倡社会改革。
[9] In the first half of the twentieth century, the most famous actor of Beijing Opera was Mei Lanfang. A maestro of the stage, Mei played a key role in popularizing Beijing Opera and introducing Chine theater to the West. He performed in the United States in 1930 a
nd Europe in 1935, where he made a great impression on the German dramatist Bertolt Brecht, enough to influence Brecht’s concept of alienation.
在20世纪上半叶，最著名的京剧演员当属梅兰芳。作为舞台艺术大师，梅在普及京剧、向西方介绍中国戏剧方面发挥了关键作用。他于1930年在美国演出，1935年在欧洲演出，给德国戏剧家贝尔托特．布莱希特留下了深刻的印象，并影响了布莱希特关于“疏离”的概念。
10] After the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Beijing Opera performances that dealt with contemporary and revolutionary themes were encouraged. Despite the tumultuous events in 1960s and 1970s, Beijing Opera was revived in the 1980s, and the lively art form continues to be performed and to get even more prosperous today. (609 words)
