4.4.1流动的组织--⾎液
4.4.1The flowing tissue - blood
流动的组织--⾎液
Describe the composition of the blood and the main functions of each component
U a microscope to obrve permanent smears of human blood and try to identify red blood cells and white blood cells Try to interpret the main data of blood routine tests
描述⾎液的组成成分和各成分的主要功能
使⽤显微镜观察⼈⾎的永久涂⽚，尝试识别红细胞和⽩细胞
尝试解读⾎常规化验的主要数据
Blood composition and main functions
⾎液的组成成分和主要功能
Distinguish between three types of blood cells under an optical microscope
Differentiating three blood cells under an optical microscope
在光学显微镜下区别三种⾎细胞
plasma [ˈplæzmə] n.⾎浆；原⽣质，细胞质; platelets [ˈpleɪtlət] ⾎⼩板，
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Encyclopedia Britannica<；不列颠百科全书>（⼜称<⼤英百科全书>，简称EB）
酒店口号Inc. [ɪŋk] incorporated 公司
Encyclopedia 英 [ɪnˌsaɪklə'pi:dɪə] n.百科全书
The average adult has about five litres of blood living inside of their body, flowing through their vesls , delivering esntial elements, and removing harmful wastes. Without blood, the human body would stop working.庆佳节
⼀般成年⼈体内⼤约有5升的⾎液，流经⾎管，运送各种物质，清除有害废物。没有⾎液，⼈体就会停⽌⼯作。
litre [ˈli:tə] n. （容量单位）升;
Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen from the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide from body tissue to the lungs. Blood is the fluid of growth, transporting nourishment from digestion and hormones from glands throughout the body. Blood is the fluid of health, transporting dia fighting substances to the tissue and waste to the kidneys .
⾎液是⽣命的液体，将氧⽓从肺部输送到⾝体组织，⼆氧化碳从⾝体组织输送到肺部。⾎液是⽣长的液体，将消化吸收来的营养和来⾃腺体的激素输送到⾝体各处。⾎液是健康的液体，将抗疾病物质输送到组织并将废物带到肾脏。
fluid [ˈflu:ɪd] 液体，流体，流动的
dia fighting substances 抗病物质
Becau it contains living cells, blood is alive. Red blood cells and white blood cells are responsible for nourishing and cleansing the body. Since the cells are alive, they too need nourishment. Vitamins and Minerals keep the blood healthy. The blood cells have a definite life cycle, just as all living organisms do.
因为它含有活细胞，⾎液是活的，有⽣命的。红细胞和⽩⾎球负责滋养和清洁⾝体。既然细胞是有⽣命的，它们也需要营养。维⽣素和矿物质保持⾎液健康。⾎细胞有⼀定的的⽣命周期，就像所有⽣物体⼀样。
About 55 percent of blood is plasma , a straw-colored clear liquid. The liquid plasma carries the solid cells and the platelets , which help blood clot. Without blood platelets, you would bleed to death.
⾎浆约占⾎液重量的55%，是淡黄⾊透明液体。液体⾎浆携带着固体细胞和⾎⼩板，⾎⼩板有助于⾎液凝固。没有⾎⼩板，你会流⾎致死。
plasma [ˈplæzmə] ⾎浆
platelets [ˈpleɪtlət] ⾎⼩板，⼩盘，⼩板
composition of the blood ⾎液成分 composition英 [ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃn] n.成分，作⽂，布置；妥协，和解
platelets [ˈpleɪtlət] ⾎⼩板，⼩盘，⼩板 tunica intima [ˈtju:nikəˈintimə] 内膜;
plasma (⾎浆) tunica media [ˈtju:nikəˈmi:djə] 中膜
tunica adventitia [ˈtju:nikəˌædvenˈtiʃjə] [⾎管]外膜;
When the human body los a little bit of blood through a minor wound, the platelets cau the blood to clot so that the bleeding stops. Becau new blood is always being made inside of your bones, the body can replace the lost blood. When the human body los a lot of blood through a major wound, that blood has to be replaced through a blood transfusion from other people.
当⼈体通过⼀个⼩伤⼝失去⼀点点⾎时，⾎⼩板会使⾎液凝结，⾎流停⽌。因为新⾎总是在你的⾻头⾥⾯制造，⾝体可以补充丢失的⾎液。当⼈体由于伤⼝过⼤失去⼤量⾎液时，必须通过输来⾃其他⼈的⾎来补充⾎液。
But everybody's blood is not the same. There are four different blood types. Plus, your blood has Rh factors, which make it even more unique. Blood received through a transfusion must match相配 your own.
但每个⼈的⾎液是不⼀样的。有四种不同的⾎型。另外，你的⾎液有Rh因⼦，这使得它更独特。输⾎时候必须匹配相同的⾎型。
Patients who are scheduled to have major surgery make autologous blood donations (donations of their own blood) so that they have a perfect match.
计划进⾏⼤⼿术的病⼈进⾏⾃体⾎液捐献(捐献他们⾃⼰的⾎液)，这样他们就有了完美的匹配。
autologous [ɔ:ˈtɔləɡəs]⾃体移植
Blood is the medium in which oxygen is carried to all parts of the body.
⾎液是将氧⽓输送到⼈体各个部位的媒介。
Plasma: Liquid part of Blood ( including dissolved chemicals But not the cells and platelets).
⾎浆：⾎液除去⾎球和⾎⼩板后的液体部分（包含溶解其中的化学物质）。
In most mammals mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks that have no nuclei.
在多数哺乳动物中，成熟红细胞呈双凹⾯盘样，⽆细胞核。
erythrocyte: Any of the nucleated cells normally found only in bone marrow that develop into erythrocytes.
红⾎球母细胞：⼀种有核细胞，通常仅能在⾻髓中发现并能够发展成为红⾎球。
erythrocyte 英 [ɪˈrɪθrəsaɪt] n.红细胞；红⾎球
bone marrow⾻髓 [ˈmærəʊ] n. ⾻髓; 脊髓; 滋养品; 〈英〉⾷⽤葫芦;
develop into发展成，变成…
a mature blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissues
含有⾎红蛋⽩的成熟⾎细胞，能将氧⽓输送到⾝体组织。
hemoglobin英 [ˌhi:məʊ'gləʊbɪn] n.⾎红蛋⽩;⾎红素
a hemoprotein compod of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color
⾎红蛋⽩由球蛋⽩和⾎红素组成，能使红细胞具有其特有的颜⾊。
heme英 [hi:m] n.亚铁⾎红素；缝边
Hemoglobin is ud in blood to carry oxygen;
⾎红蛋⽩在⾎液中⽤于氧⽓的运送；
Anemia is an abnormally low level of hemoglobin ( Hb), the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells;
贫⾎是指⾎红蛋⽩（红细胞中携带氧的⼀种蛋⽩质）过低的⾮正常状态；
How long do red blood cells live?红细胞的寿命？
Red blood cells usually live three to four months before they die. They live a short life becau they have a hard job to do; to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, both gas are very corrosive and toxic in high concentrations .
红细胞通常存活三到四个⽉。他们过着短暂的⽣活，因为他们有⼀个很⾟苦的⼯作，携带氧⽓和⼆氧化碳，这两种⽓体在浓度⾼时⾮常有腐蚀性和毒性。
corrosive [kəˈrəʊsɪv, -zɪv] 腐蚀性的；侵蚀性的;
toxic[ˈtɔksik] 有毒的；中毒的;
concentration [ˌkɔnsənˈtreiʃən] 浓度；集中；专⼼；关注
The blood is made up of blood cells and plasma.
⾎液是由⾎细胞和⾎浆组成的
The functions of platelets are related to the clotting of blood.
⾎⼩板的作⽤与⾎液凝固有关。
⾎⼩板因能运动和变形，故⽤⼀般⽅法观察时表现为多形态。
⾎⼩板寿命约7～14天，每天约更新总量的1/10，衰⽼的⾎⼩板⼤多在脾脏中被清除。
Platelet Life Span: 10 Incredibly Influential Factors | Thrombocytes
/platelet-life-span/
Platelets are cell fragments with a primary role functioning as an esntial component in the process of blood clotting and coagulation. The platelets along with the red blood cells and white blood cells, function altogether in the regulation and normal functioning of the blood system.
⾎⼩板是在凝⾎和凝⾎过程中起着重要作⽤的细胞。⾎⼩板与红细胞和⽩细胞⼀起，在⾎液系统的调节和正常功能中共同发挥作⽤。
clot [klɔt] vt.& vi. 凝结; 拥塞; n. 凝块; （⼈，动物等的）聚集;
coagulation [kəʊˌæɡjuˈleɪʃn] n. 凝结，凝结物;
The blood cells have each of their own different life spans as well as individual functions. Among the three, the platelets are the smallest but one of the most important factors in blood clotting. If blood platelets don’t regulate properly, such as inability to renew adequately at normal intervals, then blood dysfunction or disorder can occur.
⾎细胞有各⾃不同的寿命以及各⾃的功能。在这三者中，⾎⼩板最⼩，但是⾎液凝固中最重要因素之⼀。如果⾎⼩板不能正常调节，例如不能保持正常值的充分更新，则可能发⽣⾎液功能障碍或失调。
inability [ˌɪnəˈbɪlɪti] n. ⽆能，⽆⼒; ⽆才能; ⽆能为⼒;
adequately [ˈædɪkwətli] adv. ⾜够地; 适当的;
interval [ˈɪntəvəl] n. 间隔; 幕间休息; （数学）区间;
dysfunction [dɪsˈfʌŋkʃən] n. 机能障碍，机能失调;
The general lifespan of a platelet is about 10 days. The normal platelet count in the human blood ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 per micro liter of blood. The exact amount of platelet count will vary among the different body parts and organs.
⾎⼩板的寿命通常约为10天。⼈体⾎液中的正常⾎⼩板计数在每微升⾎液15万到45万之间。⾎⼩板的确切数量在不同的⾝体部位和器官中会有所不同。
lifespan [ˈlaɪfspæn] n. （⼈或动物的）寿命; 存在期; 使⽤期; 有效期;
micro liter 微升
In cas of specific medical conditions, the platelets’ count in the blood may either increa or decrea. A very common condition is a disorder called thrombocytopenia where platelet count levels drop below normal ranges.
在特定的医疗条件下，⾎⼩板在⾎液中的计数可能增加或减少。⼀种⾮常常见的疾病叫做⾎⼩板减少症，⾎⼩板计数低于正常范围。
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thrombocytopenia [ˌθrɔmbəusaitəuˈpi:niə] n. ⾎⼩板减少（症）;
There are actually veral reasons behind drops in the amount of platelets. Thrombocytopenia can also act as a catalyst to trigger other idle dias already prent in the body. The display of low platelet count indicates a need for immediate medical help due to the risk for bleeding. This makes it an utmost importance to maintain and ensure proper management and diet that favors a person with
low platelet count.
实际上，⾎⼩板数量下降背后有⼏个原因。⾎⼩板减少症也可以作为⼀种催化剂，触发体内其他潜在的疾病。⾎⼩板计数低表明存在出⾎风险，需要⽴即就医。维持和确保适当的管理和饮⾷对⾎⼩板计数较低的⼈最为重要。
catalyst [ˈkætlɪst] n. <；化>触媒，催化剂; 〈⽐喻〉触发因素; 促进因素; 〈⼝〉有感染⼒的⼈;
utmost [ˈʌtməust] adj. 极度的，最⼤的，最远的; n. 极限，最⼤限度;
On the other hand, an abnormal increa in platelets, which is usually also condary to various medical conditions, is referred to as thrombocytosis.
另⼀⽅⾯，⾎⼩板异常增加，通常也是各种疾病的继发原因，称为⾎⼩板增多症。
thrombocytosis 英 [θrɒmbəʊsaɪ'təʊsɪs] n.⾎⼩板增多（症）
However, in primary thrombocytosis, especially if there are other risk factors for thrombosis.
然⽽，原发性⾎⼩板增多症，尤其是有⾎栓风险时，需要接受治疗。
thrombosis [θrɔmˈbəusis] n. ⾎栓症;
The normal life span of platelets, as mentioned earlier, is just about 10 days.
如前所述，⾎⼩板的正常寿命只有10天左右。
life span [laif spæn] n. ⽣命的源泉; 寿命;
The life span of platelets are also advanced and rooted in the way how a person lives and carries his lifestyle.
⾎⼩板的寿命也会随着⼈的⽣活⽅式⽽延长。
Age is one of the prime factors that affects the life span of a person’s platelet. It does not only rve as one of the factors that determine platelet life span, but also influences the count of platelets.
年龄是影响⾎⼩板寿命的主要因素之⼀。它不仅是决定⾎⼩板寿命的因素之⼀，⽽且影响⾎⼩板的计数。
With the process and progressions of aging, the capacity of body systems and regulation becomes r
educed affecting the growth and formation of platelets in the body. As age increas, the body’s ability to hold the 10-day platelet life span decreas.
随着衰⽼的过程和进展，⾝体系统和调节的能⼒降低，影响体内⾎⼩板的⽣长和形成。随着年龄的增长，⾝体保持10天⾎⼩板寿命的能⼒下降。
Prevalent Dias：流⾏疾病：
[ˈprevələnt] adj. 流⾏的，盛⾏的; 普遍存在的，普遍发⽣的;
If the human body suffers from an underlying medical condition that has an effect on platelets, it can be ud as an indicator to identify existing influences on the life cycle of platelets. If platelets are not produced enough to keep up and maintain balance against the death of platelets, the body will suffer from thrombocytopenia.
如果⼈体患有对⾎⼩板有影响的潜在疾病，则可将其作为判断⾎⼩板⽣命周期是否存在影响的指标。如果⾎⼩板的产⽣不⾜以保障和维持⾎⼩板死亡的平衡，⾝体就会出现⾎⼩板减少症。
In thrombocytopenia, the platelet count becomes visibly low, and the resultant medical disorder can lead to rious complications. Pregnancy is also a common factor that can lead to a low platelet cou
nt, but normal platelet life span is obrved to remain intact.
在⾎⼩板减少症中，⾎⼩板计数明显降低，由此产⽣的疾病可导致严重的并发症。妊娠也是导致⾎⼩板计数低的⼀个常见因素，但观察到正常的⾎⼩板寿命保持不变。
祛眼袋的方法intact [ɪnˈtækt] adj. 完整⽆缺的，未经触动的，未受损伤的; 原封不动的; 完好⽆缺; 完好⽆损;
Food Habits: 饮⾷习惯：
A person’s food habits and diet regimen is also one of the most important factors that determine platelet count as well as the life span of platelets. There are certain foods that can help increa platelet count as well as alter platelet life span. Foods such as green leafy vegetables, foods with high zinc content, and whole grains, keep platelets healthy and increa in count.
⼀个⼈的饮⾷习惯也是决定⾎⼩板计数和⾎⼩板寿命的最重要因素之⼀。有些⾷物可以帮助增加⾎⼩板计数和改变⾎⼩板寿命。绿叶蔬菜、含锌量⾼的⾷物和全麦⾷物，能保持⾎⼩板的健康和增加计数。
zinc [zɪŋk] n. [化]锌; vt. 镀锌于…; 在…上镀锌;
regimen [ˈredʒəmən, -ˌmen] n. （为病⼈规定的）⽣活规则，养⽣法; 养⽣之道;
alter [ˈɔ:ltə] vt. 改变; 更改; 改建（房屋）; （⼈）变⽼; vi. 改变; 修改;
Prolonged Medicine Intake: 长期服药：
It is widely known that the popular pain killers people are ud to can be harmful to the body. It may help achieve ea of pain for the time being, but in the long run, excessive u can cau certain factors of the blood to be acutely altered. Pain killers contain substances with a capacity to directly create a damaging effect on blood components and various other organs, especially if not monitored carefully. The composition of the blood may possibly also change to an imbalanced state due to the effects of chemical substances. With prolonged intake of pain relievers, it doesn’t just affect platelets but can even lead to organ failure in some individuals.
众所周知，⼈们常⽤的⽌痛药对⾝体有害。它可能暂时有助于减轻疼痛，但从长远来看，过度使⽤会导致某些⾎液因素发⽣剧烈改变。⽌痛药含有的物质能够直接对⾎液成分和各种其他器官造成损害，尤其是如果不仔细监测的话。由于化学物质的影响，⾎液的成分也可能改变为不平衡状态。长期服⽤⽌痛药不仅会影响⾎⼩板，甚⾄会导致某些⼈的器官衰竭。
for the time being 暂且; 权时;
acutely [əˈkju:tlɪ] adv. 尖锐地; 剧烈地;
capacity [kəˈpæsɪti] n. 容量; 才能; 性能; ⽣产能⼒; adj. 充其量的，最⼤限度的;
reliever [rɪˈlivɚ] n. 救济者;
Bone Marrow: [bəun ˈmærəʊ] n. ⾻髓;
Blood platelets are developed and produced inside the bone marrow. If a disorder associated with the bone marrow is prent, platelet life spans’ will likely decrea. In ca of acute medical disorders like leukemia or other forms of cancer, the bone marrow is involved suggesting that platelet count and life span may likely be affected.
⾎⼩板在⾻髓内发育和产⽣。如果出现与⾻髓相关的疾病，⾎⼩板寿命可能会缩短。如果出现急性医学疾病，如⽩⾎病或其他形式的癌症，则涉及⾻髓，表明⾎⼩板计数和寿命可能受到影响。
⾎⼩板在⾻髓内发育和产⽣。如果存在与⾻髓相关的病症，则⾎⼩板寿命'可能会降低。急性医学疾病如⽩⾎病或其他形式的癌症，只要涉及⾻髓，就意味着⾎⼩板计数和寿命可能受到影响。
leukemia [lu:ˈki:mi:ə] n. <；医>⽩⾎病（俗称⾎癌）;
Key Takeaway: 关键点：
Platelets are one of the most important blood components in the human body considering that any abnormal changes can be dangerous.
⾎⼩板是⼈体最重要的⾎液成分之⼀，因为任何异常变化都是危险的。
Identifying the specific factors that influence platelet lifespan gives the understanding that their growth and regulation is possible to be impaired.
确定影响⾎⼩板寿命的具体因素使⼈们认识到，它们的⽣长和调节可能受到损害。
By Melissa Gomez, R.N., M.S.N.
Updated: October 4, 2018
About the Author: Melissa Gomez, R.N., M.S.N.
作者：Melissa Gomez，R.N.，M.S.N.
更新⽇期：2018年10⽉4⽇
作者简介：Melissa Gomez，R.N.，M.S.N.
Melissa Gomez, RN, MSN is a board certified nur and has been a contributing writer for the past five years. Ms. Gomez has a special focus on platelet-related illness prevention and health promotion.
Melissa Gomez，注册护⼠，硕⼠，是⼀名注册护⼠，在过去五年中⼀直是⼀名特约作家。⼽麦斯⼥⼠特别关注⾎⼩板相关疾病的预防和健康促进。
The clinical appearance, laboratory examination and treatment in 19 cas of primary thrombocytosis are reported in this paper.
本⽂报告了19例原发性⾎⼩板增多症的临床表现、实验室检查及治疗。
thrombocytosis英 [θrɒmbəʊsaɪ'təʊsɪs] n.⾎⼩板增多（症）
Platelet apoptosis plays an important role in platelet clearance from the circulation, thus determines the life span of platelets.
⾎⼩板凋亡在⾎⼩板循环清除中起着重要作⽤，决定⾎⼩板的寿命。
apoptosis [ˌæpəpˈtəʊsɪs, ˌæpəˈtəʊ-] [细胞]凋亡;
life span寿命; ⽣命的源泉
the platelets are cleared by phagocytosis.
⾎⼩板通过吞噬作⽤被清除。
phagocytosis [ˌfægəsaɪˈtəʊsɪs] n. 吞噬作⽤，噬菌作⽤;
As your red blood cell count increas so does your ability to receive more oxygen more efficiently.
红细胞数量增加了，你也能更有惬意地吸收更多的氧⽓。
Iron, helps build red blood cell.
铁，帮助制造红⾎球。
Deficiency of red corpuscles is caud by a lack of iron.
红细胞⽣成不⾜是由缺铁引起的。
我最讨厌的人It produces red blood cells in the inner red marrow and stores fat in the yellow marrow.
⾻骼会在内部的红⾻髓中产⽣红细胞，还会在黄⾻髓中储存脂肪。
The red blood cell destroys the speed then goes far beyond marrow's commutation ability, will prent anemia.
红细胞破坏的速度便远远超过⾻髓的代偿能⼒，就会出现贫⾎。
If a red blood cell and an onion epithelial cell are placed in distilled water, what would occur?
如果将红⾎球细胞和洋葱表⽪细胞浸在清⽔⾥，两个细胞分别会有什麽变化？
epithelial[,epɪ'θiːlɪəl]上⽪的，⽪膜的
distilled英 [dɪs'tɪld] adj.由蒸馏得来的v.蒸馏( distil的过去式和过去分词 );
erythrocyte 英 [ɪˈrɪθrəsaɪt] n.红细胞；红⾎球
The Elements of Blood ⾎液的成分
leukocyte：blood cells that engulf and digest bacteria and fungi
⽩细胞：吞噬和消化细菌和真菌的⾎细胞
engulf[enˈgʌlf] vt. 吞没; 包住; 吞⾷; 狼吞虎咽;
Different types of white blood cells: ⽩细胞的不同类型：
neutrophil [ˈnju:trəfil] 中性粒细胞
eosinophil [ˌi:ə'sɪnəfɪl] 嗜酸性粒细胞
basophil [bæsə'fɪl] 嗜碱性粒细胞
monocyte英 [ˈmɒnəsaɪt] n.单核细胞
lymphocyte [ˈlɪmfəˌsaɪt] 淋巴细胞
eosinophil :a leukocyte readily stained with eosin
嗜酸性粒细胞 : 易被伊红染⾊的⽩细胞
basophil ：a leukocyte with basophilic granules easily stained by basic stains
嗜碱性颗粒的⽩细胞易被碱性染⾊。
什么组词
basic [ˈbeisik] adj. 基本的; [化学]碱性的;
leukocyte ['lu:kəˌsaɪt] ⽩⾎球; ⽩细胞，⽩细胞
stained 玷污的，褪⾊的; 染⾊( stain的过去式和过去分词 ); 褪⾊，变污; 玷污，败坏
eosin ['i:əsɪn] 曙红（⼀种红⾊荧光染料），染⾊剂
Lymphocyte: Type of leukocyte fundamental to the immune system, regulating and participating in acquired immunity.
淋巴细胞：免疫系统的主要⽩细胞类型，调节和参与获得性免疫。
immune system免疫系统
regulating调节; 调整; 控制( regulate的现在分词 ); 管理
participating参加，参与( participate的现在分词 )
acquired immunity [əˈkwaɪəd ɪˈmju:nɪti:] 后天免疫性，获得性免疫
植树有什么好处monocyte: a type of large white blood cell with a simple round nucleus that can remove harmful substances from the body玫瑰疹怎么引起的
单核细胞：⼀种个头较⼤的⽩⾎球，具有简单的圆形细胞核，能清除体内有害物质。
monocyte英 [ˈmɒnəsaɪt] n.单核细胞
monocyte: a type of granular leukocyte that functions in the ingestion of bacteria
有吞噬细菌作⽤的颗粒状⽩细胞。
[ˈgrænjələ] adj. 颗粒状的;
[ˈlju:kəsait] 美 [ˈlukəˌsaɪt] n. ⽩细胞，⽩细胞; ⽩⾎球;
ingestionn.摄取；采⾷
Her white blood cell count was low.
她⽩细胞计数很低。
