第10卷 第3期 兵团教育学院学报vol.10 No.3 2000年 第3期 J OURNAL OF BINGTUAN ED UC ATI ON INSTITUTE Sep.2000
Ha wthorne's Thoughts in The Scarlet Letter
Y e C hunli
摘要 霍桑的《红字》作为美国浪漫主义时期的一篇巨著，有很深的思想性。在作品中可以发现霍桑的思想深受清教主义、超验主义和神秘主义的影响。正因如此，他的作品独具魅力，充满了神秘、抑郁的色彩，引人入胜，回味无穷。
关键词 思想 清教主义 超验主义 神秘主义
I.Introduction
The Scarlet Letter is a famous American novel who author,Nathaniel Hawthome,is considered the leading American native fictionist of the19th century(Pearson885).Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)was born in Salem,Massachutts on July4,1804.His ancestors were from a prestgious fa mi-ly.Five generations beford him,John Hawthorne was one of the three judges in the salem witchcraft tri-als of1692.Later,his fa mily beca me poorer and poorer.In1808,his father died of yellow fever. When Na
thaniel was a boy,he lived in his hometown with his father.There,as he later put it,“I first got rny curd habits of solitude.”Then,he ca me to love unshaked freedom and solitude,and mean-while he was influenced by the atrnosphere and for med religious thought.He studied the histor y of the puritans.After his graduation fr om Bo wdoin College in Maine,he started his writing career and later be-came a novelist,short-stor y writer and essayist.His short stories include Twice Told Tales(1837), Mos s from an Old Man(1846).His novels include The Scarlet Letter(1850),The hou of the Seven G ables(1851),The Marble Faun(1860)
Hawthorne's thought was full of contradictions.In his days,American capitalism was developing rapidly,and the social struture was changeable.He couldn't understand this change,and tried to ex-plain it by disc overing the“hidden evil”in ever yone's heart becau of the influence of puritanisrn. Later he was influenced by transcentalism.Also he believed there is an intangible spirit world behind the objective world,and explored the possible interction between reality and illusion.(Huang81).He ud symbolism and imagination,which made his works full of mystical color.
In The Scarlet Lette r,there are four main characters:Hester Pr ynne,Pearl,Dimmesdale,and chillingworth.Hester was a strong-willed girl.When still young,she didn't know what love is and married Chillingworth.Later her husband disappeared inexplicably when Hester moved to New Engla
nd in her loneliness,she fell in love with Dimmesdale,the young and handsome clergyman.Becau she conceived a baby,her cret love was expod and was put into prison and was forced to wear a scarlet letter“A”on her clothes all her life which means“Adulter y”.Finally Hester won people's love and respect through her hard work and honesty and braver y.
The Scarlet Letter reveals the“evil”in people's hearts.Hawthorne depends on his ima gination and special plot to describe the natural and supernatural world,which makes the novel full of romantic color and mystical atmosphere,and gives the novel a fresh and peculiar char m.
ⅡThoughts reflected through the analysis of The Scarlet Letter
A.In The Scarlet Letter,while Hawthorne gave a sharp repudiation to religious asceticism,he didn't deny Christianity.Dimmesdale and Hester are typical Hawthorne's characters who did good deeds to people while they were burdened with sin.This accords with puritanism that believes that man is evil.but can do good deeds to get rid of evil in his heart.Hester did not leave New England,not only becau of her lover,but becau of her religious belief that she would accept her punishment.She lived alone in her dismal society depending on her strong“native ener gy of character”and“rare capacity”.In fact,Hester didn't belong to society.“E very gesture,every word,and even the silence of th
千山龙泉寺o with whom she came in contact,implied,and often expresd,that she was banished…….She sa w the world and society from another aspect and got many clear,special and unique views of the world,but she didn't r ebel.She only endur ed all kinds of sufferings and did good deeds to atone for her sin.All her life,she had no happiness and joy.That is becau the author carved in her a deep religious view of good and evil.Although she wanted to rebel,her r eligious vie w told her that she was a sinner and that she should tolerate all the punishment and people's disdain.She should do good deeds to repent of her sin.”At last,she turned over a new leaf and thus the meaning of symbol“A”was changed from “Adulter y”to“Able”and“Angel”.(Hong3).Hester became a real martyr and sage at the end of the novel.
We can clearly e that the author criticizes verely Puritanical asceticism,of whic h Dimmesdale is a victim.Dimmes dale studied theology strenuously and discharged his duty in his parish carefully.He won the reputation,r espect and trust from the people.B ut all the only made him feel more painful. He suffered the inner tor ment and tried his best to help his fello w religious believers.Although the author was sad for his miry and angr y at his timidity,at last he made Dimmesdale end up as a real,ideal martyr and sage.Dimmesdale confesd his crime openly and died.The author has a high vie w of Dimmesdale's final action becau his action was what a real puritan should do.
Both Hester and Dimmesdale are ideal characters who accord with the Christianity which prais the good deeds in order to confess.(Dai,90).Also,Ha wthorne denies all kinds of revenge from the christian aspect.(Dai,93).He describes Chillingworth,a doctor and scholar,as the wowst sinner of all.But in fact,he wasn't an unresonable person.For example,he didn't take revenge on Hester becau he knew he had hurt Hester and couldn't give her true love.He only wanted to expo the hypocrisy of Dimmesdale.
Roger Chillingworth is really a nor mal scholar.Becau Hawthorne was influenced by Christian doc-trine which considered revenge evil,he paints Chillingworth as ugly and hateful.
At the end of the novel Hester's tomb stone has a strong religious color.“There appeared the mblance of an engraved escutcheon.”“so sombr e is it,and relieved only by one ever-glowing point of light gloomier than the shadow:———ON A FIELD,SABLE,THE LETTER A,GULES”.It means “fier y sin and sombre death.”
To sum up,we can e that the novel is ont only a critique of merciless la w and dismal religious
奥秘的近义词
rules,but also a positive prentation of the ideals of puritanism.Hawthorne summarized the ne w social pr oblems caud by the development of the capitalism as an abstract evil.Still further,he thou
ght of the root of the social problems as a solid evil in the world He said if we clean our inside world firstly,the outside dvil will disappear.(Zhu73).On the one hand,Hawthorne has sympathy on Hester and Dimmedale,and on the other hand he also considers that at first they are sinners who committed a crime becau of passion which is looked do wn upon by Christiarity.(Dai89).In Ha wthorne's eys the reli-gious law,prison and grave are a symbol of evil,but they are also a for m of a strong power to restrain the crimes of the humans.
知识的重要性B.Also,Hawthorne's idea of Transcendentalism is reflected clearly in The Scarlet Letter.Tran-scendentalism emphasizes faith in the spiritual world and spiritual relevation.The Scarlet Letter is really a process of revealing the insisde world of characters.Ha wthorne gave a certain for m to reprent the in-ner world.Psychological activities are connected with the surroundings,and atmosphere.(Dai91). Take Chapter XI for example,the author wrote“In Mr.Dimmesdale's cret clot,under loc k and key,he is laughing bitterly at himlf”The author continually describes his visions,his psychological activity,ghosts of his par ents At this point he found all the world is fal and pretentious,besides the deep spiritual torture his suffering is brought into full play.
如何冻结窗口>贫困申请理由100字Becau transcendentalism believes in the spiritual world,it highly prais the instinct which can lead us to the truth.In The scarlet Letter,we can e the characters always judge things depending upon i
过年画怎么画nstinct and get a correct conclusion.Chilling worth knows Dim mesdale's evil and Dimmesdale is his ene my,Dimmdsdale felt a terrible power around him and that power was threatening him.Pearl suggest-ed to her mother that she should be careful becau she felt Dimmesdale would be caught by Chilling-worth.Dimmesdale's fello w religious believers knew there would be a struggle between Dimmesdale and Chillingworth believing Dimmesdale would win at last.
In addition,Hawthorne pursues a perfect ideal becau of the influence of transcendentalism His ideal is beautiful and abstract.It appr oached a perfect spiritual world(Zhu73).He expod the evil in man's heart and was eager to achieve a ne w start of morality.In the novel,he considers everyone evil, but if they find their evil and confess,and do good deeds to wash their evil,they can get to the peak of morality.
C.B ecau of the influence of religion and transcendentalism,Hawthorne believes the spiritual world and wants to disc over the inner and supernatural world.As a result,his works always has a strong mystical color.In the preface to The Sc arlet Letter and The Customs Hou,Ha wthorne told the readers that he would like to create a possible interction between reality and illusion.He tried to u symbol-ism and imagination to express his thoughts.(Hang80).
Hawthorne is an expert in fusing reality and illusion,truth and folklore.(Hang83).In Chapter XII,“The Minister's Vigil”,Dimmesdale heard the noi,“…witches,who voices,at that peri-od,were often heard to pass over the ttlements or lonely cotta ges,as they rode with Satan through the air.”Moreover,Ha wthorne describes Pearl as a mystical character,she is a symbol of the author's mystical ideal and hope.“God,as a direct conquence of the sin which man thus punished,had given her a lovely child,who place was on that same dishonored bosom,to connect her parent for ever with the race and descent of mortals,and to be finally a blesd soul in heaven!”.She didn't belong to so-
ciety;she belonged to the future like a glimmering light that comes we know not whence,and toes we know not whither.It is as if she were hovering in the air and might vanish.Her happy future shows the author's perfect ideal towards the human being.(Dai89).
The coincident plot and usual background of the novel make the story full of m ystery as well.(Dai 91).Chillingworth came back the same day that Hester was dragged before the public.The clergyman who suggested that she confess her lover.Dimmedale's health deteriorated and the doctor came to take care of him,yet he was Dimmesdale's enemy.Hester's lonely small thatched cottage can reprent her loneliness.The forest where Hester and Dimmesdale met made the atmos
phere of the novel more som-bre and sadder.And Mistr ess Hibbins,the party of forest are all full of myster y.In The Scarlet Letter, we can find many symbols,which is also the result of Ha wthorne's mysticism.He considered the ob-jective world only a fal one but its spirit is the esnce.(Zhu74)Hawthoune said,“E verything has its spiritual meaning which to the literal meaning is what the soul is to the body.”(Pearson887).As a result,instead of giving the objective description of the world,Hawhtome alwa ys gives a symbolic mean-ing to an objective thing to express his true understanding of the world,trying his best to discover the hidden meaning through the symbols.This can be easily en in the first chapter of the novel.The prison door,which was heavily timbered with oak and studded with iron spikes,symbolizes the cr uel rules of the puritan colonial rulers.The black flower of civilized society,a prison”reprents the evil of human beings.Wild ro bush show the pity and sympathy.The Scarlet Letter“A”at first was the evil mark of Hester,and at last,became the mark of her morality.(Dai91)).There are ghosts,devils, witches and many strange parts in the novel.Sometimes,all of the make it hard for the readers to un-derstand Ha wthorne.Yet,this is effective in expr essing his deep thoughts.It is a bridge to his free writing style and the innermost recess of his heart.
Ⅲ.Conclusion:Hawthorne's masterpiece The Scarlet lette r fully reflects his thoughts,which were influ2级片
enced by puritanism,Transcendentalism,and mysticism.The three sources make his novels full of mystical c olor,and more irnportantly make his unique writing style.
References
1.Dai Zhen“A Comment on Ha wthome's The Scarlet Letter,Journal of Sichuan University.”
2.Hong Yi“Preface to the Translation of The Scarlet Letter,Shanghai Translation Publishing Hou.”
3.Wang Zhangfeng,“Nore-Dove de Paris and The Scarlet Letter,Shuihua Teacher's College Journal.”
4.Zhu Hong A Brief History of American History,Beijing People's Press.
饥荒锅怎么做5.Person,Norman Holmes,“Ha wthorne,Nathaniel”,The Encyclopedia Americam Internation-al Edifion.
(作者：兵团教院/石大师院教师)
第10卷 第3期 兵团教育学院学报vol.10 No.3 2000年 第3期 J OURNAL OF BINGTUAN ED UC ATI ON INSTITUTE Sep.2000
微胶囊技术应用进展
赵永金 吴海燕
摘要 本文综述了微胶囊制备技术及其在医药、食品、农药、肥料、饲料、纺织、涂料等方面的应用现状。随着制备技术的发展，微胶囊的应用前景十分广阔。
关键词 微胶囊 微胶囊技术 应用进展
微胶囊技术是一种用成膜材料包覆在固体(也可以是液体或气体)表面上形成微小粒子的技术。所得到的微小粒子称为微胶囊。微胶囊的粒子大小和形状，与制备工艺有关。被包在微胶囊内部的物质称为囊心，其大小一般在微米或毫米范围内。包覆在微胶囊外部的材料称为包膜，其厚度一般在0.2-10微米范围内。由于形成微胶囊后的物质是与外界环境隔离的，可免受外界湿度、氧气、细菌、紫外线等因素的影响，在适当条件下，破坏包膜时又能够将囊心释放出来。因此微胶囊技术在医药、食品、农药、饲料、肥料等行业得到了广泛的应用。
一、微胶囊技术发展简史
人们对微胶囊技术的研究大约始于20世纪30年代，当时美国人D.E.Wurster用物理方法制备了微胶囊。在40年代末，他首先采用空气悬浮法制得了微胶囊，并成功地运用到药物方面。50年代初，美国
B.K.Green用相分离复合凝聚法制备了含油明胶微胶囊，并用于制备无碳复写纸，在商业上得到应用。50年代末到60年代，人们开始研究把合成高分子的聚合方法应用于微胶囊制备，到70年代微胶囊技术的工艺日益成熟，应用范围也逐渐扩大。80年代以来，微胶囊技术得到了更大的发展，而且开发出了粒径在纳米范围的胶囊。微胶囊的应用范围已从最初的药物包覆和无碳复写纸扩展到医药、食品、农药、饲料、肥料等各个行业。
二、微胶囊制备技术
微胶囊制备技术，经历了传统技术向现代技术的转变。传统的微胶囊制备技术从原理上大致可分为化学法、物理法和物理化学法等三类。
1、化学法。化学法主要是利用单体小分子发生聚合反应生成高分子成膜材料将囊心包覆。许多合成高分子的聚合反应都可运用到微胶囊制备上，目前人们通常使用的方法是界面聚合和原位聚合。
界面聚合法是50年代末提出的，首先应用于制备尼龙而获得成功，现已广泛应用于聚酯、聚酰胺、聚氨酯等高分子材料的合成上。参加聚合反应的单体，一种是水溶性的，另一种是油溶性的，它们分别位于囊心液滴的内部和外部，并在囊心液滴的表面上反应形成聚合物薄膜。这种制备微胶囊的工艺简单，对反应单体的纯度要求不高和原料配比要求不严，反应速度快，效果好，不需要昂贵复杂的设备，可以在常温下进行，避免了由于要求严格控制
