怎么写literature（定稿）
wan口设置第一篇：怎么写literature（定稿）
肉蛋奶估计很多刚到外国读书的同学和我有一样的体会：第一次接触literature review，根本无从下笔。今日看到一篇帖子写的很好，故转给各位看看，希望有所帮助。
首先需要将“文献综述（Literature Review）”与“背景描述（Backupground Description）”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候，需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉，如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外政府发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等，这些内容属于“背景描述”，关注的是现实层面的问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”，关注的是现实层面问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”。“文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。
其次，文献综述是评论性的（Review就是“评论”的意思），因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光（critical thinking）来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。评论的主线，要按照问题展开，也就是说，别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的，他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷？要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题，那就没有重复研
川字组词究的必要了。清楚了文献综述的意涵，现来说说怎么做文献综述。虽说，尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度，但如果缺乏标准，就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。
技巧一：瞄准主流。主流文献，如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等，是做文献综述的“必修课”。而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论，虽然多少有点价值，但时间精力所限，可以从简。怎样摸清该领域的主流呢？建议从以下几条途径入手：一是图书馆的中外学术期刊，找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”，留意它们的参考文献。质量较高的学术文章，通常是不会忽略该领域的主流、经典文献的。二是利用学校图书馆的“期刊数据库检索”，能够查到一些较为早期的经典文献。三是国家图书馆，有些上世纪七八十年代甚至更早出版的社科图书，学校图书馆往往没有收藏，但是国图却是一本不少。世界杯半决赛
技巧二：随时整理，如对文献进行分类，记录文献信息和藏书地点。做论文的时间很长，有的文献看过了当时不一定有用，事后想起来却找不着了，所以有时记录是很有必要的。同时，对于特别重要的文献，不妨做一个读书笔记，摘录其中的重要观点和论述。这样一步一个脚印，到真正开始写论文时就积累了大量“干货”，可以随时享用。
技巧三：要按照问题来组织文献综述。看过一些文献以后，我们有很强烈的愿望要把自己看到的东西都陈述出来，像“竹筒倒豆子”一样，洋洋洒洒，蔚为壮观。仿佛一定要向读者证明自己劳苦功高。我写过十多万字的文献综述，后来发觉真正有意义的不过数千字。文献综述就像是在文献的丛林中开辟道路，这条道路本来就是要指向我们所要解决的问题，当然是直线距离最短、最省事，但是一路上风景颇多，迷恋风景的人便往往绕行于迤逦的丛林中，反面“乱花渐欲迷人眼”，“曲径通幽”不知所终了。因此，在做文献综述时，头脑时刻要清醒：我要解决什么问题，人家是怎么解决问题的，说的有没有道理，就行了。
第二篇：What is literature
Generally, most people have their own ideas of what literature is.When enrolling in a literary cour at university, you expect that everything on the reading list will be
“literature”.Similarly, you might expect everything by a known author to be literature, even though the quality of that author's work may vary from publication to publication.Perhaps you get an idea just from looking at the cover design on a book whether it is “literary” or “pulp”.Literature then, is a form of demarcation, however fuzzy, bad on the premi that
all texts are not created equal.Some have or are given more value than others.Etymologically, literature has to do with letters, the written as oppod to the spoken word, though not everything that is written down is literature.As a classification, it doesn't really have any firm boundary lines.There is recurring agreement amongst theorists though that for a work to be called literature must display excellence in form and style.Something may also be literary by association – that is, becau V.S.Naipaul is a literary figure through his novels, his private letters are pasd as literature as well.The common definition of literature, particularly for university cours, is that it covers the major genres of poetry, drama, and novel/fiction.The term also implies literary quality and distinction.This is a fairly basic view of literature becau, as mentioned in the
introduction, the meaning of the term has undergone changes, and will no doubt continue to do so.Most contemporary literary histories show a shift from the belles-lettres tradition, which was concerned with finding beauty, an elevated u of language, emotional effects and moral ntiments before something could be called literature.The three main ways of approaching a definition of literature are relativism, subjectivism and agnosticism.With rel
爱心折法
ativism, there are no value distinctions in literature;anything may be called good literature.Subjectivism, as the term implies, means that all theories of literary value are subjective, and that literary evaluation is a purely personal matter.Agnosticism follows from subjectivism, though it argues that though there may be real distinctions in literary value, our subjective value systems prevent us from knowing anything about the real values.Definitions of literature change becau they describe and clarify a reality, they do not create the reality they describe.Or it may be that definitions tell us what we ought to think literature should be.At a dinner party you would be swiftly corrected if you referred to Mills & Boon as literature.This might occur for two reasons: the common perception of
literature as described by current definitions doesn't include mass-market romance novels;or Mills & Boon might well be literature, but contemporary definitions tell us it shouldn't be.The reason why we learn literature is that it is uful to look at some of the things that literature does.Literature is something that reflects society, makes us think about
ourlves and our society, allows us to enjoy language and beauty, it can be didactic, and it reflects on “the human condition”.It both reflects ideology and changes ideology, just like it follows generic conventions as well as changing them.It has social and political effects.Literature is the creation of another world, a world that we can only e through reading literature.
第三篇：literature is invention
oftenLiterature Is Invention
Literature is generally considered to be a reflection of life and social reality.In my view, literature is much more than reflection, furthermore, it is an invention of life and reality.Undoubtedly, literature comes from life and reality.It belongings to such a system that is created by the imagination and fiction, and this system reflects not only reality and life, but also the subjective feelings or emotions of the writers.When writers add their feelings and imagination to literature, they are inventing.Writers reveal the real nature and esnce of life by their real life experience and their art creativity, and in fictional form.
卖年货The nature and the esnce is literature.Literature is extracted, summarized and created from real life by the writers.Literature directly comes from the social life.On the basis of the real life, according to the inevitable logic of life and their own aesthetic ideals, writers focus on processing and refining life phenomenon so that the true nature of life can be reflected.It is the combination of writers’ subjective thinking and objective real life.Literature does not require reflecting the phenomena of life, it also includes the artistic imagination and artistic fiction.Literature includes not only real phenomenon, the most important component of literature is invention and fiction.The soul of literature is not reflecting the real life.If literature just reflects the real life, it must be dull and boring.Imagination and creation make literature various and attractive.If lacking of artistic processing and invention, literature just copies from life, it must have been a unpopular and futile task.Some new writers do not understand this truth, and always live up to copy reality, leading to a thankless result.Some writers do not find out what is the nature and truth of life, they regard some individual cas as the esnce of life.So their literature just reflects the phenomenon of life.However, their literature does not reflect the esnce
of life.Only when literature combines the reality, life and the imagination, creation of writers, literature is perfect.Literature is a kind of invention.
第四篇：literature
Characters of the story of an hour
There are four characters in this fiction.Every character has its function to support the theme.I am going to talk about the characters in the following paragraphs.First of all, the flat character: Jophine, Brently Mallard, and Richards.Jophine is the sister of Loui Mallard;she has no idea about the reason of Loui Mallard’s death.She cares about her sister and tells her the message of Brently Mallard’s death carefully for fear that her sister would be too sorry.Brently Mallard shows at the end of story which is the climax of the fiction.He doesn’t know anything about the tragedy of railway disaster.Richards, the friend of Brently Mallard, gets the message and nds it to Jophine.As a friend, he checks the message carefully and suffers from the sad message.He also cares about the health of Mrs.Mallard and goes to the Mallard’s with Jophine to check if she is fine.Sec
ondly, the protagonist character: Loui Mallard or Mrs.Mallard.She is a complex character.There are four mental changes in her mind.At first, she is shocked by the news of her husband’s death and unable to accept it.Even the scene she es is shady.Then there are some thoughts crashed into her mind.However she feels confud and fights against it.The thoughts are the pleasure of free.She mentioned it later.However, her fight is powerless.After vere fights in mind, she accepts the thoughts.That’s the beginning of the tragedy of her death.She thinks about her life which is full of freedom and falls in love with this life style.So when her sister comes by she tries to nd her away.At last, the time she es her husband alive which declares the end of her freedom she shocked and sad to death.She is powerless in the real life.As she wants the freedom so much she can’t communicate this with her husband.Maybe they should divorce earlier.She doesn’t have a personality of rebel.She listens to her destiny not to fight for it.As a whole, the fiction successfully shows us a complex and powerless wife.The flat characters are normal people who do normally when they heard the news.By contrast, the wife’s thoughts are more complex and abnormal.The whole is meanly described by the narrator,
申请邮件but it is a best way to show the thoughts of the characters.The protagonist only says a few words, but they show her pursue for freedom.
