Designation:F436M−11
Standard Specification for
Hardened Steel Washers(Metric)1
This standard is issued under thefixed designation F436M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the ca of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parenthes indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for u by agencies of the Department of Defen.
1.Scope*
1.1This specification covers the chemical,mechanical,and dimensional requirements for metric hardened steel washers for u with fasteners having nominal thread diameters M12 through M100.The washers are intended for general-purpo mechanical and structural u with bolts,nuts,studs,and other internally and externally threaded fasteners.The washers are suitable for u with fasteners covered in Specifications A325M,A490M,A563M and with fasteners of Specification F568M property class8.8and higher.
1.2The types of washers covered in this specification are: 1.
2.1Type1—Washers made of carbon steel.
1.2.2Type3—Washers made of steel having atmospheric corrosion resistance and weathering characteristics comparable to that of steels covered in Specifications A242/A242M, A588/A588M,and A709/A709M.The atmospheric corrosion resistance of the steels is substantially better than that of carbon steel with or without copper addition.See5.1.When properly expod to the atmosphere,the steels can be ud bare(uncoated)for many applications.
1.2.3This specification provides for furnishing Type3to chemical composition or a Corrosion Resistance Index(CRI) of6or higher at the suppliers option.
1.3The styles of washers covered in this specification are: 1.3.1Circular Washers—Circular washers in nominal sizes 12mm through100mm,are suitable for applications where sufficient space exists and angularity permits.
1.3.2Beveled Washers—Beveled washers are square and rectangular,in nominal sizes12mm through36mm,with a beveled1:6surface for u with American Standard beams and channels.
1.3.3Clipped Washers—Clipped washers are circular or beveled for u where space limitations necessitate that one side be clipped.
1.4Terms ud in this specification are defined in Termi-nology F1789unless otherwi defined herein.
1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
N OTE1—This specification is the metric counterpart of Specification F436.
1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its u.It is the responsibility of the ur of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to u.
2.Referenced Documents
2.1ASTM Standards:2
A153/A153M Specification for Zinc Coating(Hot-Dip)on Iron and Steel Hardware
A242/A242M Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel
A325M Specification for Structural Bolts,Steel,Heat Treated830MPa Minimum Tensile Strength(Metric)
A490M Specification for High-Strength Steel Bolts,Class
10.9and10.9.3,for Structural Steel Joints(Metric)
A563M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts(Met-ric)
A588/A588M Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel,up to50ksi[345MPa]Minimum Yield Point,with Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
A709/A709M Specification for Structural Steel for Bridges A751Test Methods,Practices,and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel Products
B695Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically De-posited on Iron and Steel
D3951Practice for Commercial Packaging
F436Specification for Hardened Steel Washers
F568M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Externally
1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16on Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02on Steel Bolts,
Nuts,Rivets and Washers.
Current edition approved Nov.15,2011.Published January2012.Originally approved in1983.Last previous edition approved in2010as F436M–10.DOI: 10.1520/F0436M-11.
2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm,or contact ASTM Customer Service at rvice@astm.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes ction appears at the end of this standard Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959.United States
Threaded Metric Fasteners(Metric)(Withdrawn2012)3 F606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop-erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners, Washers,and Rivets(Metric)
F1470Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Me-chanical Properties and Performance Inspection
F1136M Specification for Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Pro-tective Coatings for Fasteners(Metric)(Withdrawn2011)3 F1789Terminology for F16Mechanical Fasteners
G101Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric Corrosion Re-sistance of Low-Alloy Steels
2.2ANSI Standard:4
B18.23.2M Metric Beveled Washers
3.Ordering Information
3.1Orders for washers under this specification shall include the following:
3.1.1Quantity,
3.1.2Name of product,(that is,circular washer,beveled washer,clipped circular washer,or clipped beveled washer), 3.1.3Coating,if required(that is,hot-dip galvanized,me-chanically galvanized,Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protective Coating,etc.),
3.1.3.1When galvanized washers are specified,the type of galvanizing,such as hot-dip or mechanical(e6.1and6.3), 3.1.3.1.1
When the type of galvanizing is not specified,the manufac-turer,at his option,may furnish hot-dip or mechanically galvanized washers,
3.1.4Dimensions,nominal size,and other dimensions,if modified from tho covered in this specification,
3.1.5Material type of washer(that is,Type1or Type3), 3.1.5.1When the type is not specified,either Type1or Type 3washers may be supplied when permitted by the purchar.
3.1.5.2When atmospheric corrosion resistance is required, Type3washers shall be specified by the purchar.
3.1.6Surface roughness control(e S1),
3.1.7ASTM designation and year of issue,and
3.1.8Any special requirements.
N OTE2—Two examples of ordering descriptions follow:(1)1000 pieces,circular washers,hot-dip galvanized,24mm,Type1ASTM A436M,dated_______.(2)5000pieces,beveled washers,22mm,Type 3,ASTM,A436M,dated_______.
4.Materials and Manufacture
4.1Steel ud in the manufacture of washers shall be produced by the open-hearth,basic-oxygen,or electric-furnace process.
4.2All washers in nominal sizes12through36mm,shall be through-quenched-and-tempered.Washers in nominal sizes larger than36mm may be either through-quenched-and-tempered or carburized,quenched-and-tempered at the manu-facturer’s option.
4.3Hot-dip galvanized washers shall be hot-dip galvanized in accordance with the requirements for Class C of Specifica-tion A153/A153M.Mechanically galvanized washers shall be mechanically zinc-coated,and the coating and coated washers shall conform to the requirements for Class50of Specification B69
5.Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protective Coating shall be coated and the coating and coated washers shall conform to the requirements of Grade3of Specification F1136M.无尽深渊
4.4If washers are heat treated by a subcontractor,they shall be returned to the manufacturer for testing prior to shipment to the purchar.
5.Chemical Composition
5.1Type1washers shall conform to the chemical compo-sition requirements specified in Table1.
5.2Type3washers shall conform to the Heat Analysis specified in Table1.Alternatively,at the suppliers option,Type 3washers having a Copper minimum Heat Analysis of0.25%, Phosphorous and Sulfur conforming to Table1and a Corrosion Index of6or higher calculated from the Heat Analysis as described in Guide G101Predictive method bad on the data of Larabee and Coburn shall be accepted.
5.3For Type1and3furnished to the Chemical Composi-tions in Table1,Product Analys may be made by the purchar onfinished washers reprenting each lot.The Chemical Composition shall conform to the requirements in Table1,Product Analysis.
5.4Product Analysis are not applicable to Type3washers furnished to a CRI of6or higher.Acceptance shall be bad on the CRI of6or higher calculated from the Heat Analysis. 5.5Chemical analys shall be performed in accordance with Test Methods,Practices,and Terminology A751.
3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.
4Available from American National Standards Institute(ANSI),25W.43rd St., 4th Floor,New York,NY10036,www.ansi.
TABLE1Chemical Requirements A
Element
Composition,%
Type1Type3B Phosphorus,max
Heat analysis0.0400.040街头小吃什么最火
Product analysis0.0500.045
Sulfur,max
Heat analysis0.0500.050
Product analysis0.0600.055
Silicon
0.15–0.35
0.13–0.37 Chromium
0.45–0.65
0.42–0.68
Nickel
0.25–0.45
0.22–0.48
Copper
0.25–0.45
0.22–0.48
A When providing Weathering Steels to a calculated corrosion index u the Lagault-Leckie formula from Guide G101.Link to online calculator:http:/ www.astm/COMMIT/G01_G101Calcultr1100.xls
B Type3steel washers may also be manufactured from any of the steels listed
in Table2of Specification F568M.
6.Mechanical Properties
6.1Through-quenched-and-tempered washers shall have a Rockwell hardness of 38to 45HRC,except when hot-dip galvanized,in which ca they shall have a Rockwell hardness of 26to 45HRC.
6.2Carburized,quenched-and-tempered washers shall be carburized to a minimum depth of 0.40mm and shall have a Rockwell hardness of 69to 73HRA.
6.3When mechanically galvanized,washers shall have the same hardness range as noncoated washers.
7.Dimensions and Tolerances
7.1Circular and clipped circular washers shall conform to dimensions given in Table 2.All dimensions apply prior to plating or coating.
7.1.1The axis of the inside hole shall be located at true position with respect to the axis of the washer circumference within a tolerance zone having a diameter of 0.6mm for washers of nominal sizes 16mm and smaller and 0.9mm for washers of nominal sizes 20mm and larger.
7.1.2Washers shall be flat within 0.01mm/mm outside diameter.
7.1.3As a result of the punching process,the inside diam-eter of the washer generally consists of three distinct ctions.On the punch entry side of the washer there is some drawing in of the material resulting in a rounded corner ction,following which is a substantially parallel ction,and finally at the exit
side a tapered breakout may occur (e Fig.1).The parallel sided ction of the washer inside diameter shall be within the limits specified in Table 2,however,the specified maximum inside diameter may be exceeded at the washer face on the breakout side by a maximum taper allowance of 25%of the specified maximum washer thickness for each size.
7.2Beveled washers shall conform to dimensions in accor-dance with ANSI B18.23.2M.
7.3Clipped beveled washers shall conform to dimensions for beveled washers in accordance with A
NSI B18.23.2,except that one edge may be clipped off not clor than 0.0875times the washer nominal size from the center of the hole.8.Workmanship,Finish,and Appearance
8.1Washers shall be free of excess mill scale,excess coatings,and foreign material on bearing surfaces.Arc and gas cut washers shall be free of metal spatter.9.Sampling and Number of Tests and Retests
9.1The requirements of this specification shall be met in continuous mass production for stock,and the manufacturer shall make sample inspections to ensure that the product conforms to the specified requirements.Additional tests of individual shipments of material are not ordinarily necessary.9.2When specified in the purcha order,the manufacturer shall furnish a test report certified to be the last complete t of mechanical tests for each stock size in each shipment.
TABLE 2Dimensions of Circular
Washers
Nominal Washer Size,mm A
Inside Diameter (A ),mm Outside Diameter (B ),mm Thickness (C ),mm Clipped Width (E ),mm,min B
max min max min max min 1214.414.027.025.7 4.6 3.110.51416.416.030.028.7 4.6 3.112.21618.418.034.032.4 4.6 3.114.02022.522.042.040.4 4.6 3.117.52224.524.044.042.4 4.6 3.419.22426.526.050.048.4 4.6 3.421.02730.530.056.054.1 4.6 3.423.63033.633.060.058.1 4.6
3.426.23639.639.072.070.1 4.6 3.431.54245.645.084.081.87.2 4.636.74852.752.095.092.87.2 4.642.05662.762.0107.0104.88.7 6.149.06470.770.0118.0115.88.7 6.156.07278.778.0130.0127.58.7 6.163.08086.986.0142.0139.58.7 6.170.09096.996.0159.0156.58.7 6.178.7100
肖倾宇107.9
农资打假107.0
176.0
173.5
8.7
语法怎么学6.1
87.5
A Nominal washer sizes are intended for u with fasteners of the same nominal thread diameter.B
Washers may be clipped on one side not clor to the center of the washer than width E
.
9.3When weathering steels are furnished to Corrosion Resistance Index,the CRI number shall be calculated for each heat.
9.4When the purchar requires that additional tests be performed by the manufacturer to determine that the properties of products in an individual shipment are within specified limits,the purchar shall specify the testing requirements,including the sampling plan and basis of acceptance,in the inquiry and purcha order.
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9.4.1When the purchar does not specify the sampling plan and basis of acceptance the conditions in 9.4.1.1through 9.4.1.3shall apply:
9.4.1.1The lot,for purpos of lecting samples,shall consist of all washers offered for inspection and testing,at one time,that are the same type,style,nominal size,and surface finish.
9.4.1.2From each lot,samples shall be lected at random and tested for each requirement,except as specified in 9.4.1.3,in accordance with Table 3.
9.4.1.3When determining the weight of coating of plated and coated washers,the sampling plan defined in 9.4.1.2shall apply,except that in no ca shall the sample consist of less than three washers.10.Test Methods
10.1Hardness tests shall be performed in accordance with Test Methods F606M .
10.2Corrosion Resistance Index:
10.2.1The Corrosion Resistance Index shall be calculated from the Heat Analysis in accordance with Guide G101Prediction Method bad on the data of Larabee and Coburn.11.Inspection
11.1The inspector reprenting the purchar shall have free entry to all parts of the manufacturer’s works that concern the manufacture of the material ordered.The manufacturer shall afford the inspector all reasonable facilities to satisfy that the material is being furnished in accordance with this speci-fication.All tests and inspections required by the specification that are requested by the purchar’s reprentative shall be
made prior to shipment,and shall be conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.11.2If other than the normal inspection for continuous mass production of parts as stipulated in 9.1is required by the purchar,it shall be specified in the inquiry and contract order.
12.Rejection
12.1Disposition of nonconforming washers shall be in accordance with Guide F1470ction titled “Disposition of Nonconforming Lots.”
13.Certification and Test Report
13.1Upon request of the purchar in the contract or order,a manufacturer’s certification that the material was manufac-tured and tested in accordance with this specification,together with a report of the latest mechanical tests of each stock size in each shipment,shall be furnished at the time of shipment.13.2Data contained in the certified test report shall include material grade,hardness tests and calculated Corrosion Resis-tance Index when Type 3is furnished to a Corrosion Resistance Index.
14.Responsibility
14.1The party responsible for the fastener shall be the organization that supplies the fastener to the purchar.15.Product Marking
15.1Washers shall be marked with a symbol,or other distinguishing marks,to identify the manufactur
er or private label distributor,as appropriate.
15.2Additionally,washers shall be marked to identify their being metric size.Preferably,the metric marking shall be the symbol “M,”but may be of other distinguishing design as determined by the manufacturer.
15.3Additionally,Type 3washers shall be identified with the symbol “3,”
15.4Additional identification or distinguishing marks,or both,may be ud by the manufacturer.
15.5All marking symbols shall be depresd on one face of the washer.
15.6Type and manufacturer’s or private label distributor’s identification shall be parate and distinct.The two identifi-cations shall preferably be in different locations and,when on the same level,shall be parated by at least two spaces.15.7It is possible that during the clipping of circular washers,the marking symbols may be removed.This is acceptable provided the majority of washers in the lot still display the identification marks.16.Packaging and Package Marking
16.1Packaging:
16.1.1Unless otherwi specified,packaging shall be in accordance with Practice D3951.
16.1.2When special packaging requirements are required,they shall be defined at the time of the inquiry and
order.
FIG.1Washer Inside Profile
TABLE 3Sample Sizes and Acceptance Numbers for Mechanical
Tests
Number of Pieces in Lot
Acceptance Criteria安徒生童话书籍
Number of Tests
Acceptance Number
Rejection Number
800and less 101801to 80002018001to 22000301over 22000
5
1
16.2Package Marking:家长意见20字
16.2.1Each shipping unit shall include or be plainly marked with the following information:
16.2.1.1ASTM designation,
16.2.1.2Size,
16.2.1.3Name and brand or trademark of the manufacturer, 16.2.1.4Number of pieces,
16.2.1.5Purcha order number,and
16.2.1.6Country of origin.
17.Keywords
17.1carbon steel;metric;steel;washers;weathering steel
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
The following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified by the purchar in the
contract or order.Details of the supplementary requirements shall be agreed upon in writing between
the manufacturer and purchar.Supplementary requirements shall in no way negate any requirement
of the specification itlf.
S1.Surface Roughness
S1.1Washers shall have a multi-directional lay with a
surface roughness not exceeding19µm in height including any
flaws in or on the surface.
S1.2Burrs shall not exceed0.25mm in height.
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee F16has identified the location of lected changes to this standard since the last issue(A436M–10) that may impact the u of this standard.(Approved November15,2011.)
(1)Deleted—previous5.5.(2)Revid—Table1.
Committee F16has identified the location of lected changes to this standard since the last issue(A436M–09) that may impact the u of this standard.(Approved May1,2010.)
(1)1.2.3was added.
(2)In5.2-5.4,9,10.2.1and13.2provided for furnishing Type 3to a corrosion Resistance Index of6or higher.(3)Revid12.1Rejection and Rehearing to invoke Guide F1470.
Committee F16has identified the location of lected changes to this standard since the last issue(A436M-04) that may impact the u of this standard.
(1)Revid—4.3to add provision for specifying Zinc/
Aluminum Corrosion Protective Coating conforming to Speci-
fication F1470,Grade3.
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