2001年1月第二篇
Questions 10-17
at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor
5) an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to sho
es to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods in kind” from the customer’s field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer wove cloth of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables 10) from wood cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm. Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy en, by one
historian, as “an orchestra conducted by nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were 15) only produced asonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to
regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials. While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, 20) carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality— and few in rural areas were, Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as possible while st
ill producing satisfactory products.
题目解析：
10. What aspect of rural colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Farming practices
(B) The work of artisans
(C) The character of rural neighborhoods
(D) Types of furniture that were popular
解析：文章除了一开头讲的是社会分工，后文都是在讲artisans。正确选项为B。
11. The word “inception” in line 1 is clost in meaning to
(A) investigation
(B) location
(C) beginning
(D) records
解析：investigation，调查，研究；location，位置，场所；beginning，开始，开端；records，记录。inception，起初。正确选项为C。
12. The word “fabricating” in line 3 is clost in meaning to
关于数学的作文赵本山出事(A) constructing
(B) altering
鸳鸯炮弹(C) lecting
(D) demonstrating
解析：construct，建造，构造；altering，改变；lect，选择；demonstrate，证明。fabricate，制造，组装。正确选项为A。
13. It can be infered from the passage that the u of artificial light in colonial times was
(A) especially helpful to woodworkers
(B) popular in rural areas
(C) continuous in winter
(D) expensive
解析：文中第15行至第16行” since few artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work”，是说工匠们花不起钱来买人造光进行工作，也就是说人造光太贵了。因此正确选项为D。
14. Why did colonial artisans want to “regularize their schedules” (line 18)?
(A) To enable them to produce high quality products
(B) To enable them to duplicate an item many times
(C) To impress their customers
(D) To keep expens low
闻雁韦应物
解析：文中第17行至第19行”colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials.” 意思是说工匠尽全力保持他们的商店的效率，调整他们的计划和生产方式，以期能够最大程度地收回他们在时间、工具和物资上的投资。也就是说，工匠们将花费保持在较低的水平。正确选项为D。
15. The phra “resort to” in line 20 is clost in meaning to
(A) protecting with
(B) moving toward
悼念母亲的祭文
(C) manufacturing
(D) using
解析：文中第20行”joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue”，是说工匠们组合箱子不需要使用钉子或胶，resort to 在这里是“采取、诉诸于”的意思，正确选项为D。
16. The word “few” in lines 23 refers to
(A) woodworkers
(B) finished pieces
(C) customers
(D) chests
主大爱降下来原唱解析：文中第22行至第23行”nless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality—and few in rural areas were”是说除非顾客乐意为该时间付额外费用，其实一般在农村地区没有顾客是这样的。因此正确选项为C。
17. It can inferred that the artisans referred to in the passage usually produced products that were
(A) simple
(B) delicate
(C) beautifully decorated
(D) exceptionally long-lasting
解析：文中第21行至第24行” the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality—and few in rural areas were, Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.”可见工匠们不愿意多花钱，在保证质量的前提下控制成本。
文章翻译：
在北美洲殖民地开始的时候，大多数乡下的村庄至少有一名木匠，一个锯木工人，制桶工人，一个纺织工人，一个生产衣服的裁缝，一个制革工人和制造皮革的皮匠，以及制造金属制品的锻工。如果石料是当地的建筑材料，就会有一名泥瓦匠列名为纳税人。乡下的工匠只有一名学徒作为助手，他们却提供了附近地区的广泛的普通货物，包括家具、鞋以及农业设备等等。他们把自己的商品换成钱或者日常消费品、牧草或者乳品。顾客提供的编织布是用农场中的绵羊毛在纺织机上编制而成的，工匠们会加工这些编织。工匠还会将顾客自产的木材制造成桌子或椅子，或者把顾客自产的母牛皮、鹿皮或羊皮革制成皮鞋或者皮裤。
在历史学家看来，乡下的工匠和他们的农民兄弟都是天生的季节性工人。一些任务得在冬季做，还有一些任务要推迟到收获季节，另外的任务要等待到原材料产出，或者说是季节性的。如白昼变短，营业时间随之变化；因为几乎没有工匠可以工作到太阳落山，因为得花得起钱买人造光。殖民地的工匠
尽全力保持他们的商店的有效率的，尽可能调整他们的计划和生产方式收回他们在时间、工具和物资上的投资。例如一个木工会小心地匹配木材，组合箱子不靠钉子或胶，然后在该工件上用全部的想法和精力去雕琢美丽的图案。但是，并没有正当理由（为这些额外工作）投入时间精力，除非顾客们愿意为这些品质付额外的钱，而实际上，在乡间很少有人愿意(为附加的这些品质付钱)。因此，工匠们常常发现如下的做法是必要的：使用尽量多的节约时间和精力的方法并且顾忌经济效果，同时仍然生产出合格产品。朱丽英
文章生词：
Paragraph 1
neighborhood n. 附近，邻近
n. 殖民地居民
colonial
adj. 殖民的，殖民地的carpenter n. 木工，木匠
玩雪
joiner n. 结合者，木匠
sawyer n. 锯木匠，漂流水中的树木，食木虫cooper n. 修桶工人，制桶工人
weaver n. 织布者，织工
tailor n. 裁缝师，服装店
tanner n. 制革工人
currier n. 鞣皮匠，制革匠
cordwainer n. 皮匠
blacksmith n. 铁匠，锻工，马蹄铁匠metalwork n. 金属制品，金属制造
