TED演讲⼼情不好会对⼼脏产⽣什么影响？
南岳衡山海拔多少米视频简介：现在，已经有越来越多的⼈开始意识到，情绪也会影响⽣理上的健康。你可能会因为⼼情不好⽽⾷欲不振、打不起精神或者难以集中注意⼒。⼼脏是⼈体最重要的器官之⼀，情绪对于⼼脏健康也有重要影响。Sandeep Jauhar 是⼀名执业⼼脏病学家，从业时间近20年。他在TED演讲中呼吁⼤家，当谈及⼼脏健康时，要更关注情感的⼒量和重要性。
童年读后感100时长：18:04
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万事大吉是什么意思
⽂本
No other organ, perhaps no other object in human life, is as imbued with metaphor and meaning as the human heart. Over the cour of history, the heart has been a symbol of our emotional lives. It was considered by many to be the at of the soul, the repository of the emotions. The very word "emotion" stems in part from the French verb "émouvoir," meaning "to stir up." And perhaps it's only logical that emotions would be linked to an organ characterized by its agitated movement.
没有其他器官，可能在整个⼈⽣中也没有其他的东西，像⼈类的⼼脏⼀样充满隐喻和意义。在历史的长
河中，⼼是我们情感⽣活的象征。它曾被很多⼈视为灵魂的座驾，情感的仓库。“emotion（情感）”这个词部分源⾃法语动好教师
词“emouvoir”，意思是“搅动”。也许将情感和以跳动为特征的器官联系在⼀起是唯⼀的正确逻辑。
But what is this link? Is it real or purely metaphorical? As a heart specialist, I am here today to tell you that this link is very real. Emotions, you will learn, can and do have a direct physical effect on the human heart.
但这个联系是什么？它是真实的还是纯粹隐喻？作为⼼脏专家，我今天在这⾥要告诉你们，这个联系是真实的。你将了解到，情感能够，也确实会对⼈类⼼脏产⽣直接的物理影响。
But before we get into this, let's talk a bit about the metaphorical heart. The symbolism of the emotional heart endures even today. If we ask people which image they most associate with love, there's no question that the Valentine heart would the top the list. The heart shape, called a cardioid, is common in nature. It's found in the leaves, flowers and eds of many plants, including silphium, which was ud for birth control in the Middle Ages and perhaps is the reason why the heart became associated with x and romantic love.
但在我们深⼊之前，让我们来谈谈隐喻意义上的⼼。即便在今天，情感之⼼的象征意义仍然存在。如果问⼈们哪⼀个图⽚可以让⼈联想到爱，毫⽆疑义，恋⼈之⼼会⾼居榜⾸。⼼脏的形状，称为⼼形，在⾃然中很常见。它存在于树叶，鲜花和很多植物的种⼦中，包括串叶松⾹草，曾经在中世纪被⽤于⽣育控制，这也许就是为什么⼼会与性爱与浪漫联系在⼀起。
Whatever the reason, hearts began to appear in paintings of lovers in the 13th century. Over time, the pictures came to be colored red, the color of blood, a symbol of passion. In the Roman Catholic Church, the heart shape became known as the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Adorned with thorns and emitting ethereal light, it became an insignia of monastic love. This association between the heart and love has withstood modernity. When Barney Clark, a retired dentist with end-stage heart failure, received the first permanent artificial heart in Utah in 1982, his wife of 39 years reportedly asked the doctors, "Will he still be able to love me?"
十二个情人节
出于某种原因，13世纪，情⼈的画像中开始出现⼼形图案。随着时间的推移，这些画被涂成红⾊，鲜⾎的颜⾊，激情的象征。在罗马天主教会，⼼的形状被称为耶稣的圣⼼。装饰着荆棘，散发着缥缈的光芒，它成了修道院之爱的象征。这种⼼与爱之间的联系经受住了现代的考验。1982年，患有末期⼼⼒衰竭的退休⽛医巴尼·克拉克在犹他州接受了⾸例永久性⼈⼯⼼脏移植⼿术，他39岁的妻⼦曾向医⽣咨询，“他还会爱我吗？”
Today, we know that the heart is not the source of love or the other emotions, per ; the ancients were mistaken. And yet, more and more, we have come to understand that the connection between the heart and the emotions is a highly intimate one. The heart may not originate our feelings, but it is highly responsive to them. In a n, a record of our emotional life is written on our hearts. Fear and grief, for example, can cau profound cardiac injury. The nerves that
emotional life is written on our hearts. Fear and grief, for example, can cau profound cardiac injury. The nerves that control unconscious process such as the heartbeat can n distress and trigger a maladaptive fight-or-flight respon that triggers blood vesls to constrict, the heart to gallop and blood pressure to ri, resulting in damage. In other words, it is increasingly clear that our hearts are extraordinarily nsitive to our emotional system, to the metaphorical heart, if you will.
今天，我们知道⼼脏不是爱或其他情感的源头，古⼈弄错了。然⽽，我们开始越来越多地了解到⼼脏和情感的联系是极为亲密的整体。⼼脏可能不是我们感觉的起源，但它对感觉⾮常敏感。在某种意义上，我们情感⽣活的记录就写在我们的⼼脏上。例如，恐惧和悲伤会导致严重的⼼脏损伤。控制⽆意识过程，如⼼跳的神经可以感觉到痛苦，并引发适应不良的“战⽃或逃跑”反应，导致⾎管收缩，⼼跳加速和⾎压上升，导致损伤。换句话说，越来越清晰的是，我们的⼼脏对我们的情感系统，对隐喻的⼼，极度敏感。
There is a heart disorder first recognized about two decades ago called "takotsubo cardiomyopathy," or "the broken heart syndrome," in which the heart acutely weakens in respon to inten stress or grief, such as after a romantic breakup or the death of a loved one. As the pictures show, the grieving heart in the middle looks very different than the normal heart on the left. It appears stunned and frequently balloons into the distinctive shape of a takotsubo, shown on the right, a Japane pot with a wide ba and a narrow neck. We don't know exactly why this happens, and the syndrome usually resolves within a few weeks. However, in the acute period, it can cau heart failure, life-threatening arrhythmias, even death.
⼤约20年前，⼈们⾸次发现了⼀种名为“应激性⼼肌病”的⼼脏病，即“⼼碎综合症”，在这种情况下，⼼脏在⾯对巨⼤的压⼒或悲伤时急剧衰弱，⽐如跟爱⼈分⼿或爱⼈去世后。就像这些照⽚显⽰的，中间悲伤的⼼跟左边正常的⼼看来很不同。它看起来像是被打晕了，往往会膨胀成章鱼壶的独特形状，如右图所⽰，⼀种有宽的底座和窄的⽇本锅。我们还不知道这个发⽣的确实原因，这种症状通常会在⼏周内消失。然⽽，在急性期，它可能会导致⼼脏衰竭，危及⽣命的⼼律失常，甚⾄死亡。
For example, the husband of an elderly patient of mine had died recently. She was sad, of cour, but accepting. Maybe even a bit relieved. It had been a very long illness; he'd had dementia. But a week after the funeral, she looked at his picture and became tearful. And then she developed chest
pain, and with it, came shortness of breath, distended neck veins, a sweaty brow, a noticeable panting as she was sitting up in a chair -- all signs of heart failure. She was admitted to the hospital, where an ultrasound confirmed what we already suspected: her heart had weakened to less than half its normal capacity and had ballooned into the distinctive shape of a takotsubo. But no other tests were amiss, no sign of clogged arteries anywhere. Two weeks later, her emotional state had returned to normal and so, an ultrasound confirmed, had her heart.
⽐如，我的⼀个⽼年病⼈的丈夫最近去世了。她很悲伤，当然，但接受这个现实了。也许松⼀⼝⽓。这是⼀场持续了多年的疾病，他患有⽼年痴呆。但在葬礼结束的⼀周后，她看着他的照⽚，变得泪眼模糊。然后她出现了胸痛，随之⽽来的是呼吸急促，脖⼦上青筋膨胀，额头出汗，当她坐在椅⼦上时，明显地感到⽓喘吁吁——这些都是⼼脏衰竭的迹象。她被送进了医院，医院超声波验证了我们的怀疑：她的⼼脏已经衰弱到只有不到⼀半的正常功能，并且膨胀成明显的章鱼壶形状。但检查不出其他问题，没有动脉阻塞的现象。2周后，她的情感状态恢复正常，并且，超声波检测确认，⼼脏也恢复了健康。
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy has been linked to many stressful situations, including public speaking --
应激性⼼肌病跟很多压⼒环境有关，包括公共演讲——
domestic disputes, gambling loss, even a surpri birthday party.
家庭争分，赌博损失，甚⾄⼀个惊喜的⽣⽇派对都包括在内。企业代码
It's even been associated with widespread social upheaval, such as after a natural disaster. For example, in 2004, a massive earthquake devastated a district on the largest island in Japan. More than 60 people were killed, and thousands were injured. On the heels of this catastrophe, rearchers found that the incidents of takotsubo cardiomyopathy incread twenty-four-fold in the district one month after the earthquake, compared to a similar period the year before. The residences of the cas cloly correlated with the intensity of the tremor. In almost every ca, patients lived near the epicenter.
它甚⾄与⼴泛的社会动乱有关，⽐如⼀场⾃然灾害后。例如，2004年，⼀场⼤地震摧毁了⽇本最⼤岛屿上的⼀个地区，超过60个⼈死亡，⼏千⼈受伤。在这场灾难之后，研究者发现跟⼀年前同期相⽐，该地区在⼤地震后⼀个⽉的应激性⼼
超过60个⼈死亡，⼏千⼈受伤。在这场灾难之后，研究者发现跟⼀年前同期相⽐，该地区在⼤地震后⼀个⽉的应激性⼼肌病发病率增加了24倍，这些病例发⽣的位置与地震的强度密切相关。在⼏乎每个病例中，病⼈都是住在震中附近。
Interestingly, takotsubo cardiomyopathy has been en after a happy event, too, but the heart appears to react differently, ballooning in the midportion, for example, and not at the apex. Why different emotional precipitants would result in different cardiac changes remains a mystery. But today, perhaps as an ode to our ancient philosophers, we can say that even if emotions are not contained inside our hearts, the emotional heart overlaps its biological counterpart, in surprising and mysterious ways.
有趣的是，应激性⼼肌病也曾在⼀些愉快的事件后被发现，但⼼脏反应似乎不⼀样，在中部膨胀，⽽不是在顶部。为什么不同的情绪会导致⼼脏的不同变化仍然是个迷。但今天，也许是作为对我们古代哲学家的赞歌，我们可以说即便情感不存在于我们的⼼脏中，情感的⼼跟它的⽣物体依然是以⼀种惊⼈和神秘的⽅式相对应的。
Heart syndromes, including sudden death, have long been reported in individuals experiencing inten emotional disturbance or turmoil in their metaphorical hearts. In 1942, the Harvard physiologist Walter Cannon published a paper called "'Voodoo' Death," in which he described cas of death from fright in people who believed they had been curd, such as by a witch doctor or as a conquence of eating taboo fruit. In many cas, the victim, all hope lost, dropped dead on the spot. What the cas had in common was the victim's absolute belief that there was an external fo
rce that could cau their demi, and against which they were powerless to fight. This perceived lack of control, Cannon postulated, resulted in an unmitigated physiological respon, in which blood vesls constricted to such a degree that blood volume acutely dropped, blood pressure plummeted, the heart acutely weakened, and massive organ damage resulted from a lack of transported oxygen.吉他弹唱好听的歌
⼼脏综合症，包括猝死，长期以来，在个⼈隐喻之⼼经受了强烈的情感⼲扰或混乱后的猝死⼴泛见诸报端。1942年，哈佛⽣理学家沃尔特·坎农发表了⼀篇名为《巫毒教的死亡》的论⽂，在⽂中，他描述了⼀些相信⾃⼰被诅咒的⼈因为恐惧⽽死亡的案例，⽐如被巫医或⾷⽤禁果后。在很多案例中，牺牲者绝望⾄极，当场猝死。这些案例的共同之处在于牺牲者们绝对相信有⼀种外部的⼒量会导致他们的死亡，并且他们⽆⼒反抗。坎农假定，这些明显的失控引发了全⾯的⽣理反应，⾎管收缩到使⾎容量急剧下降的程度，⾎压下降，⼼脏急剧衰弱，并且因为缺少氧⽓的输送⽽导致⼤规模的器官损坏。
Cannon believed that voodoo deaths were limited to indigenous or "primitive" people. But over the years, the types of deaths have been shown to occur in all manner of modern people, too. Today, death by grief has been en in spous and in siblings. Broken hearts are literally and figuratively deadly.
坎农认为巫毒教的死亡仅限于⼟著或“原始”⼈。但许多年来，这些类型的死亡也出现在各种各样的现
代⼈⾝上。今天，因悲伤⽽导致的死亡出现在配偶和兄弟姐妹上。破碎的⼼在⽣理上和隐喻上都是致命的。
The associations hold true even for animals. In a fascinating study in 1980 published in the journal "Science," rearchers fed caged rabbits a high-cholesterol diet to study its effect on cardiovascular dia. Surprisingly, they found that some rabbits developed a lot more dia than others, but they couldn't explain why. The rabbits had very similar diet, environment and genetic makeup. They thought it might have something to do with how frequently the technician interacted with the rabbits. So they repeated the study, dividing the rabbits into two groups. Both groups were fed a high-cholesterol diet. But in one group, the rabbits were removed from their cages, held, petted, talked to, played with, and in the other group, the rabbits remained in their cages and were left alone. At one year, on autopsy, the rearchers found that the rabbits in the first group, that received human interaction, had 60 percent less aortic dia than rabbits in the other group, despite having similar cholesterol levels, blood pressure and heart rate.
这种联系甚⾄在动物⾝上也成⽴。在1980年发表在《科学》期刊上的⼀个有趣研究中，研究⼈员给笼养的兔⼦喂⾷⾼胆固醇⾷物，以研究其对⼼⾎管疾病的影响。出乎意料的是，他们发现⼀些兔⼦患的病就是⽐其他兔⼦多，但他们⽆法解释为什么。这些兔⼦的饮⾷结构，环境和基因构成都是类似的。
他们认为可能和技术员跟兔⼦互动频率有关。所以他们重复了这个研究，把这些兔⼦分成两组。两组都吃⾼胆固醇的⾷物。但其中⼀组，兔⼦被带出笼⼦，被⼈们抱着，爱抚着，和它说话，和它玩耍，另⼀组的兔⼦则被留在笼⼦⾥不闻不管。⼀年之后，在对兔⼦进⾏解剖时，研究者发现第⼀组的兔⼦，那组有⼈类互动的兔⼦，主动脉疾病⽐另⼀组少60%，尽管有相似的胆固醇⽔平，⾎压和⼼率。
Today, the care of the heart has become less the province of philosophers, who dwell upon the heart's metaphorical meanings, and more the domain of doctors like me, wielding technologies that even a century ago, becau of the heart's exalted status in human culture, were considered taboo. In the process, the heart has been transformed from an almost supernatural object imbued with metaphor and meaning into a machine that can be manipulated and controlled. But this is the key point: the manipulations, we now understand, must be complemented by attention to the emotional life that the heart, for thousands of years, was believed to contain.
今天，对⼼灵的关怀已不再是哲学家们的专利，他们专注于⼼灵的隐喻意义，并且越来越多的进⼊像我这样的医⽣领域，运⽤着甚⾄1个世纪前的技术，因为⼼脏在⼈类⽂化中的崇⾼地位，被认为是禁忌。在这个过程中，⼼脏从充满隐喻和意义的超⾃然的物体转变成了可以操纵和控制的机器。但这⾥有个关键点：我们现在明⽩，这些操纵必须辅以对情感⽣活的关注，毕竟数千年来，⼈们认为情感⽣活包含在⼼脏之中。
Consider, for example, the Lifestyle Heart Trial, published in the British journal "The Lancet" in 1990. Forty-eight patients with moderate or vere coronary dia were randomly assigned to usual care or an intensive lifestyle that included a low-fat vegetarian diet, moderate aerobic exerci, group psychosocial support and stress management advice. The rearchers found that the lifestyle patients had a nearly five percent reduction in coronary plaque. Control patients, on the other hand, had five percent more coronary plaque at one year and 28 percent more at five years. They also had nearly double the rate of cardiac events, like heart attacks, coronary bypass surgery and cardiac-related deaths.
⽐如，《⽣活⽅式⼼脏试验》，1990年发表于英国《柳叶⼑》杂志。48名患有中度或重度冠状动脉疾病的患者被随机分配到常规护理或⼀组包括低脂素⾷，适度有氧运动，群体社会⼼理⽀持以及压⼒管理建议的密集⽣活⽅式⼩组。研究者发现密集⽣活组病⼈冠状动脉斑块减少了近5%。控制组，反之，⼀年后冠状动脉斑块增加了5%，并且5年后增加了28%。他们患⼼脏病的⼏率翻倍，⽐如⼼脏病发作，冠状动脉搭桥⼿术和⼼脏病相关的死亡。
Now, here's an interesting fact: some patients in the control group adopted diet and exerci plans that were nearly as inten as tho in the intensive lifestyle group. Their heart dia still progresd. Diet and exerci alone were not enough to facilitate coronary dia regression. At bo
th one- and five-year follow-ups, stress management was more strongly correlated with reversal of coronary dia than exerci was.
有⼀个有趣的事实：对照组的⼀些患者采⽤的饮⾷和锻炼计划⼏乎与⽣活⽅式密集组的患者⼀样多。他们的⼼脏疾病仍然在持续。单靠饮⾷和运动不⾜以促进冠状动脉疾病的消退。在1年和5年的随访中，⼈们发现相⽐锻炼，压⼒管理与冠状动脉疾病的逆转更加紧密相关。
No doubt, this and similar studies are small, and, of cour, correlation does not prove causation. It's certainly possible that stress leads to unhealthy habits, and that's the real reason for the incread cardiovascular risk. But as with the association of smoking and lung cancer, when so many studies show the same thing, and when there are mechanisms to explain a causal relationship, it ems capricious to deny that one probably exists. What many doctors have concluded is what I, too, have learned in my nearly two decades as a heart specialist: the emotional heart intercts with its biological counterpart in surprising and mysterious ways.
毫⽆疑问，这项研究和类似的研究规模都很⼩，当然，相关性并不能证明因果关系。当然可能压⼒导致不健康习惯，是⼼⾎管风险增加的真正原因。但就像吸烟和肺癌的关系⼀样，当如此多的研究都显⽰了同样的事情，当存在解释因果关系的机制时，否定⼀个可能存在的说法是不负责任的。许多医⽣
得出的结论，也是我近20年作为⼼脏专家了解到的：情感之⼼与它的⽣理对应物以⼀种惊奇和神秘的⽅式相交叉。可爱兔子
And yet, medicine today continues to conceptualize the heart as a machine. This conceptualization has had great benefits. Cardiology, my field, is undoubtedly one of the greatest scientific success stories of the past 100 years. Stents, pacemakers, defibrillators, coronary bypass surgery, heart transplants -- all the things were developed or invented after World War II.
然⽽，今天的医学继续将⼼脏概念化为⼀台机器。这种概念化有很⼤的好处。⼼脏病学，我的领域，毫⽆疑问是过去100年最具成就的科学领域之⼀。⽀架，起搏器，除颤器，冠状动脉搭桥⼿术，⼼脏移植——所有这些都是在⼆战后发展或发明的。
However, it's possible that we are approaching the limits of what scientific medicine can do to combat heart dia. Indeed, the rate of decline of cardiovascular mortality has slowed significantly in the past decade. We will need to shift to a new paradigm to continue to make the kind of progress to which we have become accustomed. In this paradigm, psychosocial factors will need to be front and center in how we think about heart problems.
然⽽，我们可能已经接近了科学药物在对抗⼼脏疾病上的极限。事实上，在过去的⼗年中，⼼⾎管疾
病死亡率的下降速度已经明显放缓。我们需要转向新的模式去继续取得我们已经习惯的进步。在这种模式下，⼼理社会因素将需要成为我们思考⼼脏问题的前提和中⼼。
This is going to be an uphill battle, and it remains a domain that is largely unexplored. The American Heart Association
This is going to be an uphill battle, and it remains a domain that is largely unexplored. The American Heart Association still does not list emotional stress as a key modifiable risk factor for heart dia, perhaps in part becau blood cholesterol is so much easier to lower than emotional and social disruption.
这将是⼀场艰苦的战⽃，在很⼤程度上它仍然是⼀个尚未被探索的领域。美国⼼脏学会仍然没有把情感压⼒作为⼼理疾病的⼀个可改变危险因素，部分原因可能是因为⾎压中的胆固醇相⽐情感和社会混乱更容易降低。
There is a better way, perhaps, if we recognize that when we say "a broken heart," we are indeed sometimes talking about a real broken heart. We must, must pay more attention to the power and importance of the emotions in taking care of our hearts.
也许，有更好的⽅式。如果我们知道当⼈们说“破碎的⼼”时，他们说的确实是⼀颗真的破碎的⼼脏。在照看我们的⼼脏时，我们就必须更加关注情感的⼒量和重要性。
Emotional stress, I have learned, is often a matter of life and death.
我认识到，情感压⼒往往是⽣死攸关的问题。
Thank you.
谢谢。
■视频，图⽚均源于⽹络，⽂字来⾃视频，纯属分享学习。如有侵权⽴即删除
